Changes

America is predominantly an English-speaking nation. As in other English-speaking nations, non-therapeutic [[circumcision]] of boys was popularized in the late nineteenth century, however. Due to the rates of infant circumcision that formerly approached 90 percent, the practice vast majority of non-therapeutic circumcision [[Circumcised doctors| male doctors were neonatally circumcised]] and have no real knowledge of boys is now in declinea normal body part. The decline Such doctors frequently give poor advice to parents on the care of the unnecessary practice has been slowed [[intact]] [[penis]].<ref name="goldman2005">{{REFjournal |last=Goldman |first=Ronald |init=R |author-link=Ronald Goldman |etal=no |title=Circumcision policy: a psychosocial perspective |trans-title= |language= |journal=Paediatrics & Child Health (Ottawa) |location= |date=2005-11 |volume=9 |issue=9 |pages=630-3 |url=https://academic.oup.com/pch/article/9/9/630/2648566?login=true |quote= |pubmedID=19675851 |pubmedCID=2724127 |DOI=10.1093/pch/9.9.630 |accessdate=2020-03-16}}</ref> They are also much more likely to injure [[intact]] boys during office visits by continual encouragement and promotion of circumcision by the medical industrypremature [[Forced foreskin retraction| forcible foreskin retraction]] (PFFR).<ref>{{REFjournal |last=Narvaez |first=Darcia |init=D |author-link= |last2=Geisheker |first2=John V. |init2=JV |author2-link=John V. Geisheker |url=https://www.psychologytoday. The United States com/us/blog/moral-landscapes/201110/what-is unique in having a medical industry that aggressively promotes -the-greatest-danger-uncircumcised-boy |title=What Is the practice of medicallyGreatest Danger for an Uncircumcised Boy? |journal=Psychology Today |date=2011-10-23 |volume= |issue= |pages= |accessdate=2021-10-unnecessary infant circumcision.31}}</ref>

==History==Jews have lived The United States is unique in America since before the Revolutionary War. They have always practiced having a [[Jewish circumcision| ritual circumcisionindustry]]that aggressively promotes the practice of medically-unnecessary, non-therapeutic, (harmful infant [[Brit Milahcircumcision]]), . The decline of boys on the eighth day unnecessary practice has been slowed by payments for unnecessary circumcision by various government heath programs and by continual encouragement and promotion of life in accordance with circumcision by the [[Abrahamic covenantcircumcision industry]]. However, however this was only the practice of non-therapeutic [[circumcision]] of newborn boys has been in gradual decline for a very small percentage of the populationseveral decades.

One may be certain that Despite the eighteenth century [https://www.nationalgeographic.org/article/foundingfinancially self-fathers/ Founding Fathers serving promotional efforts of the United States] of America were men with [[intactcircumcision industry]] [[Foreskin| foreskins]] as were the [[foreskinned]] men who fought the American Civil War , Jacobson et al. (1861-18652021). Nonreported the incidence of non-therapeutic [[circumcision]] of males for non-religious reasons originated with [[Claude François Lallemand]] in 1836 in France but soon spread newborn infant boys was reported to have continued its slow decline to the [[United Kingdom]] 52.1 percent in the early nineteenth century, from which it eventually spread to other English-speaking nations2016.<ref name="jacobson2021">{{REFjournal |last=Jacobson |first=Deborah L. |init= |author-link=Late nineteenth century |last2=Balmert |first2=Lauren C. |init2=The late nineteenth century was characterized by various medical doctors advancing all sorts of absurd reasons for the performance of non |author2-therapeutic circumcisionlink= |last3=Holl |first3=Jane L. |init3=The first recorded non |author3-religious circumcision of a boy in the United States occurred in 1870 when [[Lewis Albert Sayre]], a prominent New York City doctor, circumcised a boy of five years of age for paralysis. [[Lewis Albert Sayrelink= |last4=Rosoklija |first4=Ilina |Sayre]] then continued to advocate circumcision for numerous reasons until his death in 1900. According to [[Lewis Albert Sayreinit4= |Sayre]], circumcision was recommended for paralysis, epilepsy, hernia, lunacy, curvature of the spine, and clubfoot.author4-link= |last5=Davis |first5=Matthew M. J |init5= |author5-link= |last6=Johnson |first6Emilie K. Moses (1871) advocated circumcision to prevent [[masturbation]].<ref name |init6= |author6-link="moses1871">{{REFjournal |lastetal=Mosesno |inittitle=MJNationwide Circumcision Trends: 2003 to 2016 |trans-title=The value of circumcision as a hygienic and therapeutic measure |language= |journal=New York Medical JournalJ Urol |location= |date=18712021-1101 |volume=14205 |issue=41 |pages=368257-7463 |url= |quote=https://www.auajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1097/JU.0000000000001316 |pubmedID=32716676 |pubmedCID= |DOI=10.1097/JU.0000000000001316 |accessdate=2021-10-15}}</ref> [[H. HYang et al. Kane]] (18792025) 'discovers' that reported the incidenec of circumcision cures nocturnal emissions and abdominal neuralgiaof the newborn had declined to 49.<ref>{{Kane1879}}</ref> Seventh3 percent in 2022, making non-day Adventist circumcision or [[John Harvey Kelloggintactness]], {{MD}}, of Battle Creek, Michigan, was an important 19th century promoter of male circumcisionthe new NORM among America's newborn boys. Although masturbation is never mentioned in the Bible, DrYang et al. Kellogg believed that [[masturbation]] was immoral, sinful, and caused one to dream "impure dreams", studied a ten-ear period during which he believed was harmful to the mental faculties, resulting in mental disorders, such as feeblemindnessincidence of circumcision declined at a rate of 0.5% per year.<ref name="kellogg1879yang2025">{{REFbookREFjournal |last=Yang |urlfirst= |init=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/19924/19924P |author-h/19924-h.htmlink= |titlelast2=Plain Facts for Old and Young: Natural History and Hygiene of Organic Life (Sex, Marriage & Society Series)Zhu |lastfirst2=Kellogg |firstinit2=John HarveyX |authorauthor2-link=John Harvey Kellogg |publisherlast3=Ayer PublishingPatel |websitefirst3=Gutenberg |yearinit3=1888EU |accessdateauthor3-link=2021-10-03}}</ref> He believed that the urge to masturbate could be prevented by eating bland foods, for which purpose, he and his brother invented corn flakes. |last4=Quin |first4=Dr. Kellogg (1879) also recommended [[circumcision]] in cases "in which irritation is produced by retained secretions".<ref name |init4="kellogg1879" />PC |author4-link=Dr. Kellogg perhaps is most famous for his book, ''Plain facts for young and old'' (1879), in which he advocated circumcision of boys as punishment for masturbation.<ref name |last5="kellogg1879" />Grabowski |first5=[[William G. Eggleston]], {{MA}}, {{MD}}, from Chicaco, {{USSC |IL}}, (1886) stated that [[foreskin]] of minors and the natural "phimosis" in minors would cause crossed eyes.<ref nameinit5="eggleston1886">{{Eggleston1886}}MK</ref> Dr. [[William D. Gentry]] (1890) alleged that [[Retraction of the foreskin | phimosis in boys]] produces serious nervous derangements.<ref nameauthor5-link="gentry1890">{{REFjournal |lastlast6=GentryTobian |firstfirst6=William D. |initinit6=WDAAR |authorauthor6-link=William D. GentryAaron Tobian |etal=no |title=Nervous Derangements Produced by Sexual Irregularities Trends in Circumcision Among Newborn Males in Boysthe US |trans-title= |language= |journal=Medical CurrentJAMA Pediatrics |location= |date=18902025-09-0715 |season= |volume=6 |issue=7 |article=e252464 |page= |pages=268 |url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/fullarticle/2838312 |archived= |quote= |pubmedID=40952753 |pubmedCID=12439174 |DOI=10.1001/jamapediatrics.2025.2464 |accessdate=2025-09-7417}}</ref> ==History=====Colonial and early 19th century===Jews have lived in America since before the Revolutionary War. They have always practiced [[Elizabeth BlackwellJewish circumcision| ritual circumcision]], {{MD}}, ({{LifeData|1821|1910}}[[Brit Milah]]), was born in England, but attended medical school in the United States. She was the first woman to become a medical doctor in the United States. Blackwell thought masturbation was immoral but that circumcision was not the way to correct it. She wrote against it in her 1894 book:<blockquote>Appeals to the fears of uninstructed parents boys on the grounds eighth day of cleanliness or of hardening life in accordance with the part are entirely fallacious and unsupported by evidence. It is [[Abrahamic covenant]], however this was only for a physiological fact that the natural lubricating secretion very small percentage of every healthy part is beneficial, not injurious to the part thus protected, and that no attempt to render a sensitive part insensitive is either practicable or justifiable. The protection which nature affords to these parts is an aid to physical purity by affording necessary protection against constant external contact of a part which necessarily remains keenly sensitive; and bad habits in boys and girls cannot by prevented by surgical operations. Where no malformation exists, bad habits can only be forestalled by healthy moral and physical educationpopulation.<refname="self2016">{{REFbookREFjournal |url=https://journals.troy.edu/index.php/test/article/view/386/302 |title=The Rise of Circumcision in Victorian America |first=ElizabethEleanor |last=BlackwellSelf |author-link=Elizabeth BlackwellEleanor Self |titlejournal=The Human Element in Sex; being a Medical Inquiry into the Relation of Sexual Physiology to Christian MoralityAlexandrian |urlvolume=https://archive.org/details/B20442622/page/n9/mode/2up5 |editionissue=21 |yeardate=18942016 |pagesaccessdate=352022-3609-02 |locationformat=London |publisher=J.& A. ChurchillPDF}}</ref></blockquote>

One may be certain that the eighteenth century [https://www.nationalgeographic.org/article/founding-fathers/ Founding Fathers of the United States] of America were men with [[intact]] [[Peter Charles Remondinoforeskin]], {{MD}}, was a San Diego, California physician, s as were the [[foreskinned]] men who was born in Turin fought the American Civil War (''Torino''1861-1865) in 1846, but migrated with his family to the United States at the age of eight. There is some reason to believe that he was of Sephardic Jewish descent and had been circumcised while still in Turin, however this is uncertain.

Remondino clearly was highly intelligentNon-therapeutic [[circumcision]] of males for non-religious reasons originated with [[Claude François Lallemand]] in 1836 in France but soon spread to the [[United Kingdom]] in the early nineteenth century, from which it eventually spread to other English-speaking nations.<ref name="hodges1997">[[Frederick M. Hodges| Hodges FM]]. [https://lust-for-life.org/Lust-For-Life/_Textual/GeorgeCDenniston-MarilynFayreMilos-editors_JamesDeMeo_SexualMutilations-AHumanTragedy_1997_235pp/GeorgeCDenniston-MarilynFayreMilos-editors_JamesDeMeo_SexualMutilations-AHumanTragedy_1997_235pp.pdf#page=28 A short history of the institutionalization of involuntary sexual mutilations in the United States]. in: Denniston GC, Milos MF (eds. He mastered English), started medical school at age 17Sexual Mutilations: A Human Tragedy (New York: Plenum Publishing, treated wounded soldiers during the Civil War1997), and later moved to San Diego for his healthpp. 17-40.(ISBN 0-306-45589-7)</ref>

After moving Edward Dixon (1847) recommended circumcision to San Diego, he practiced medicine, served as an officer prevent the spread of several medical societies, and other regulatory agenciessyphilis.<ref name="self2016" />

Remondino is famous ===Late nineteenth century=======First quarter====The late nineteenth century was characterized by prominent medical doctors advancing all sorts of absurd reasons for his 346 page bookthe performance of non-therapeutic [[circumcision]], ''The History including the prevention of Circumcision''(1891)venereal disease.<ref name="remondino1891self2016"/>{{REFbook |last=Remondino |The first=Peter Charles |authorrecorded non-link=Peter Charles Remondino |year=1891 |title=History religious circumcision of a boy in the United States occurred in 1870 when [[Lewis Albert Sayre]], a prominent New York City doctor, [[circumcised]] a boy of five years of Circumcision |url=https://wwwage for paralysis.gutenberg.org/files/23135/23135-h/23135-h.htm |pages<ref name= |location=Philadelphia |publisher=F. A. Davis |website=Welcome Collection |accessdate=2021-09-29 "gollaher1994">{{GollaherDL 1994}}</ref> [[Lewis Albert Sayre|Sayre]] then continued to advocate circumcision for numerous reasons until his death in 1900. According to [[Lewis Albert Sayre|Sayre]], circumcision was recommended for paralysis, epilepsy, hernia, lunacy, curvature of the spine, and clubfoot.

When Remondino discussed the [[foreskinM. J. Moses]] (1871) advocated [[circumcision]] to prevent [[masturbation]], he used the most horrific, derogatory, and disparaging language. He devoted thirteen chapters to the alleged evils and faults of the foreskin<ref name="moses1871">{{Moses1871}}</ref>====Second quarter====[[H. It is not clear why he had such an extreme dislike for a natural and functional body partH. His recommendation, of course, was for Kane]] (1879) 'discovers' that [[Adolescent and adult circumcision| circumcision]]cures nocturnal emissions and abdominal neuralgia.<ref>{{Kane1879}}</ref>

Seventh-day Adventist [[H. L. RosenberryJohn Harvey Kellogg]], {{MD}}, (1894) published a paper of Battle Creek, Michigan, was an important 19th century promoter of male circumcision. Although masturbation is never mentioned in the Bible, Dr. Kellogg believed that [[masturbation]] was immoral, sinful, and caused one to dream "provingimpure dreams", which he believed was harmful to the mental faculties, resulting in mental disorders, such as "feeblemindness" that circumcision cures urinary and rectal incontinence.<ref name="rosenberry1894kellogg1888">{{Rosenberry1894Kellogg1888}}</ref> He believed that the urge to masturbate could be prevented by eating bland foods, for which purpose, he and his brother invented corn flakes.<ref name="self2016" />

By the end of the nineteenth century, America had at least one prominent physician and surgeon on the east coast promoting circumcision and another prominent physician and surgeon on the west coast promoting circumcision. There was no real medical science with which to dispute and discredit their false claimsDr. Non-therapeutic Kellogg (1879) also recommended [[circumcision of males was now well-established ]] in the United Statescases "in which irritation is produced by retained secretions".<ref name="kellogg1888"/>

===Early twentieth century===The early twentieth century Dr. Kellogg perhaps is characterized by advocacy of circumcision based on false claims to prevent cancer most famous for his book, ''Plain facts for young and sexually transmitted old'' (venereal1879) disease; and by the involvement of the United States military services , in the promotion which he advocated circumcision of circumcisionboys as punishment for masturbation.<ref name="kellogg1888"/>

[[Ernest William G. MarkEggleston]] , {{MA}}, {{MD}}, from Chicaco, {{USSC|IL}}, (19011886) noted stated that the "pleasurable sensations that are elicited from the extremely sensitive" [[Ridged band|inner liningforeskin]] of minors and the [[foreskin]] may encourage a child to [[Masturbation|masturbate]], which is why he recommended circumcision since it natural "lessens the sensitiveness of the organphimosis"in minors would cause crossed eyes.<refname="eggleston1886">{{Mark1901Eggleston1886}}</ref>

Brimhall Dr. [[William D. Gentry]] (19021890) reported an amputation alleged that [[Retraction of a penis after circumcisionthe foreskin| phimosis in boys]] produces serious nervous derangements.<ref name="brimhall1902gentry1890">{{REFjournal |last=BrimhallGentry |initfirst=JBWilliam D. |author-linkinit=WD |last2= |init2= |author2author-link= |url=William D. Gentry |title=Amputation of the penis following a unique method of preventing hemorrhage after circumcisionNervous Derangements Produced by Sexual Irregularities in Boys |journal=St. Paul Med J.Medical Current |date=19021890-07 |volume=46 |issue=7 |pages=490 |accessdate=2021-10268-0574

[[Roswell ParkElizabeth Blackwell]] , {{MD}}, (1902) published a paper 'proving' that foreskin causes epilepsy and that circumcision cures it.<ref>{{Park1902LifeData|1821|1910}}</ref> ), was born in England, but attended medical school in the United States. She was the first woman to become a medical doctor in the United States. Blackwell thought [[L. Emmett Holtmasturbation]] (1913) reported was immoral but that tubercular [[mohelcircumcision]]s were infecting infant Jewish was not the way to correct it. She wrote against it in her 1894 book:<blockquote>Appeals to the fears of uninstructed parents on the grounds of cleanliness or of hardening the part are entirely fallacious and unsupported by evidence. It is a physiological fact that the natural lubricating secretion of every healthy part is beneficial, not injurious to the part thus protected, and that no attempt to render a sensitive part insensitive is either practicable or justifiable. The protection which nature affords to these parts is an aid to physical purity by affording necessary protection against constant external contact of a part which necessarily remains keenly sensitive; and bad habits in boys with tuberculosis during [[Brit Milah| ritual circumcision]]and girls cannot by prevented by surgical operations. Where no malformation exists, bad habits can only be forestalled by healthy moral and physical education.<ref>{{REFjournalREFbook |last=HoltBlackwell |first=Elizabeth |init=LEE |author-link=L. Emmett HoltElizabeth Blackwell |title=The Human Element in Sex; being a Medical Inquiry into the Relation of Sexual Physiology to Christian Morality |url=httphttps://www.cirparchive.org/librarydetails/complicationsB20442622/holt1page/n9/mode/2up |titleedition=Tuberculosis acquired through ritual circumcision2 |journalyear=JAMA1894 |datepages=191335-07-126 |volumelocation=LXILondon |issuepublisher=2J.& A. Churchill |pages=99-102}}</ref></blockquote> |accessdate=2021-10-04[[Peter Charles Remondino]], {{MD}},<ref name="gollaher1994" /ref> was a San Diego, California physician, who was born in Turin (''Torino'') in 1846, but migrated with his family to the United States at the age of eight. There is some reason to believe that he was of Sephardic Jewish descent and had been [[circumcised]] while still in Turin, however this is uncertain. Remondino clearly was highly intelligent. He mastered English, started medical school at age 17, treated wounded soldiers during the Civil War, and later moved to San Diego for his health. After moving to San Diego, he practiced medicine, served as an officer of several medical societies, and other regulatory agencies.

[[Abraham L. Wolbarst]], {{MD}}, a Jewish New York doctorRemondino is famous for his 346 page book, apparently considered [[L. Emmett Holt|Holt]]'s paper to be an attack on ritual circumcision or perhaps Judaism itself. He collected ''opinions'' from other doctors of the alleged value The History of circumcision for health and published those Circumcision''opinions'' as ''scientific fact'' in a 1914 ''JAMA'' article(1891).<ref name="wolbarst1914remondino1891">{{REFjournalREFbook |last=WolbarstRemondino |first=Abraham L.Peter Charles |init=ALPC |author-link=Abraham L. WolbarstPeter Charles Remondino |titleyear=Universal circumcision as a sanitary measure1891 |journaltitle=JAMAHistory of Circumcision |dateurl=1914https://www.gutenberg.org/files/23135/23135-1h/23135-10h.htm |volumepages=62 |issuelocation=2Philadelphia |pagespublisher=92-97F. A. Davis |urlwebsite=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/453164Welcome Collection |accessdate=2021-1009-0429 }}</ref> Wolbarst's paper appeared shortly before <ref name="gollaher1994" /> When Remondino discussed the [[foreskin]], he used the most horrific, derogatory, and disparaging language. He devoted thirteen chapters to the start alleged evils and faults of World War Ithe foreskin. It is thought that Wolbarst's false claims inspired some military commanders to require men under their command to be circumcised so as to reduce venereal disease not clear why he had such an extreme dislike for a natural and functional body part. His recommendation, of course, was for [[Adolescent and adult circumcision| circumcision]]. [[H. L. Rosenberry]], {{MD}}, (VD1894)published a paper "proving" that circumcision cures urinary and rectal incontinence.<ref name="self2016" /> <ref name="rosenberry1894">{{Rosenberry1894}}</ref>

MDr. S[[E. Reuben (1916) J. Spratling]] (19171895) reported additional cases of tuberculosis after ritual circumcisionprovided information for other doctors.<ref name="reuben1916self2016"/>He gaved a detailed explanation of how a circumcision is to be done so as to make it as difficult as possible to achieve orgasm by [[masturbation]].<ref>{{REFjournal |last=ReubenSpratling |init=MS |author-link= |last2= |init2= |author2-link= |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/complications/reuben1/EJ |title=Tuberculosis from ritual circumcisionMasturbation in the Adult |journal=Proceedings of the New York Academy of Medicine |date=1916-12-15Medical Record |volume=24

|pages=333442-4443 |url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/9a247c3410d34390e418dc970faa3b87/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=40146 |quote= |date=1895 |accessdate=20212022-1008-0430}}</ref> By the end of the nineteenth century, America had at least one prominent physician and surgeon on the east coast promoting circumcision and another prominent physician and surgeon on the west coast promoting circumcision. There was no real medical science with which to dispute and discredit their false claims. Non-therapeutic [[circumcision]] of males was now well-established in the United States. ===Early twentieth century=======First quarter====The early twentieth century is characterized by advocacy of circumcision based on false claims to prevent cancer and sexually transmitted (venereal) disease; and by the involvement of the United States military services in the promotion of circumcision. [[Ernest G. Mark]] (1901) noted that the "pleasurable sensations that are elicited from the extremely sensitive" [[Ridged band|inner lining]] of the [[foreskin]] may encourage a child to [[Masturbation|masturbate]], which is why he recommended circumcision since it "lessens the sensitiveness of the organ".<ref>{{Mark1901}}</ref> Brimhall (1902) reported an [[amputation]] of a [[penis]] after circumcision.<ref name="ruben1917brimhall1902">{{REFjournal |last=ReubenBrimhall |init=MSJB

|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/complications/reuben2/ |title=Tuberculosis Amputation of the penis following ritual a unique method of preventing hemorrhage after circumcision |journal=Arch PediatrSt. Paul Med J. |date=1917-031902 |volume=XXXIV4

|pagespage=186-90490 |accessdate=2021-10-0405

J[[Roswell Park]] (1902) published a paper 'proving' that foreskin causes epilepsy and that circumcision cures it. Brennermann <ref>{{Park1902}}</ref> [[L. Emmett Holt]] (19211913) reported that meatal disease occurs only in circumcised tubercular [[mohel]]s were infecting infant Jewish boys who lack the protection of the with tuberculosis during [[foreskinBrit Milah| ritual circumcision]].<ref name="brennermann2021>{{REFjournal |last=BrennermannHolt |init=JLE |author-link= |last2= |init2= |author2-link=L. Emmett Holt |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/complications/brennemann1holt1/ |title=The ulcerated meatus in the circumcised childTuberculosis acquired through ritual circumcision |journal=Am J Dis ChildJAMA |date=19211913-07-12 |volume=21LXI |issue=2 |pages=3899-47102

}}</ref>

[[Abraham L. Wolbarst]], {{MD}}, a Jewish New York doctor, apparently considered [[L. Emmett Holt|WolbarstHolt]]'s paper to be an attack on [[Brit Milah| ritual circumcision]] or perhaps [[Judaism]] (1926) made his claim for itself. He collected ''opinions'' from other doctors of the first time that male alleged value of [[circumcision prevents penile cancer]] for health and published those ''opinions'' as ''scientific fact'' in a 1914 ''JAMA'' article.<ref name="wolbarst1926!wolbarst1914">{{REFjournal |last=Wolbarstentitled ''Universal circumcision as as sanitary measure]].

|title=Is Universal circumcision as a prophylactic against penis cancer?sanitary measure |journal=CancerJAMA |date=19261914-071-10 |volume=362 |issue=42 |pages=30192-7 |url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/453164 |accessdate=2021-10-04}}</ref>Wolbarst's paper appeared shortly before the start of World War I. It is thought that Wolbarst's false claims inspired some military commanders to require men under their command to be [[circumcised]] so as to reduce venereal disease (VD).

[[Abraham LM. Wolbarst|Wolbarst]] S. Reuben (1916) (19321917) put forward his claim again that [[circumcision]] would prevent [[penile cancer]] in the British journal, ''The Lancet''.<ref name="Wolbarst 1932">{{REFjournal |last=Wolbarst |init=AL |author-link=Abraham L. Wolbarst |title=Circumcision and penile cancer |journal=Lancet |volume=1 |issue=5655 |date=1932-01-16 |pages=150-153}}</ref> In those long ago days, the true causes of cancer were unknown so it was impossible to disprove Wolbarst's falsehoods. Laumann et al., writing in 1997, reported an incidence additional cases of tuberculosis after ritual circumcision of 31 percent in 1933.<ref name="laumann1997reuben1916">{{REFjournal |last=Laumann |first=Edward O.Reuben |init=MS

|last2=Masi |first2=christopher M.

|last3=Zuckerman |first3=Ezra W. |init3= |author3-link= |etal=no |title=Circumcision in the United States |journal=JAMA |location= |date=1997-04-02 |volume=277 |issue=13 |article= |page= |pages=1052-7 |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/generalcomplications/laumannreuben1/ |archivedtitle=Tuberculosis from ritual circumcision |quotejournal= |pubmedID=9091693 |pubmedCID= |DOI= |accessdate=2021-10-05}}</ref> Hiram S. Yellen and Aaron Goldstein invented Proceedings of the [[Gomco]] clamp in 1934-5. The clamp, by crushing the foreskin in an intensely painful procedure, reduced the risk New York Academy of hemorrhage,<ref name="yellen1935">{{REFjournal |last=Yellen |first=Hiram |init=Medicine |date=1935 |title=Bloodless circumcision of the newborn |journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology1916-12-15 |volume=30

|pages=146333-7 |url=http://www.historyofcircumcision.net/index.php?option=content&task=view&id=43#yel |quote=4 |accessdate=2021-10-0504}}</ref> but increased the [[pain]].<ref name="sinkey2015ruben1917">{{REFjournal |urllast=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25794628?dopt=AbstractReuben |titleinit=The GoMo study: a randomized clinical trial assessing neonatal pain with Gomco vs Mogen clamp circumcisionMS |lastauthor-link=Sinkey |init=RG |last2=Eschenbacher |init2=MA |last3author2-link=Walsh |init3url=PMhttp://www.cirp.org/library/complications/reuben2/ |last4title=Doerger |init4=RG |last5=Lambers |init5=DS |last6=Sibai |init6=BM |last7=Habli |init7=MATuberculosis following ritual circumcision |journal=Am J Obstet GynecolArch Pediatr |date=20151917-0503 |volume=212XXXIV |issue=5 |pages=664.e1186-8 |pubmedID=25794628 |DOI=10.1016/j.ajog.2015.03.02990 |accessdate=2021-10-0504}}</ref> The availability of the Gomco clamp increased the popularity of non-therapeutic infant circumcision.

Brown J. Brennermann (19371921) reported restoration of that [[Meatal stenosis| meatal disease]] occurs only in [[circumcised]] boys who lack the skin protection of the penis after a denudation complication of circumcision[[foreskin]].<ref name="brown1837"brennermann2021>{{REFjournal |last=BrownBrennermann |init=JBJ

|last2= |init2= |author2-link= |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/complications/brennemann1/ |title=Restoration of The ulcerated meatus in the entire skin of the peniscircumcised child |journal=Surg Gynecol ObstetrAm J Dis Child |date=19371921 |volume=6521 |issue=362-5 |pages=38-47 |accessdate=2021-10-0504}}</ref>====Second quarter====[[Abraham L. Wolbarst|Wolbarst]] (1926) made his claim for the first time that male circumcision prevents [[penile cancer]].<ref name="wolbarst1926!>{{REFjournal |last=Wolbarst |first=Abraham L. |init=AL |author-link=Abraham L. Wolbarst |title=Is circumcision a prophylactic against penis cancer? |journal=Cancer |date=1926-07 |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=301-10

Laumann et al[[Abraham L. Wolbarst|Wolbarst]] (19971932) reported an incidence of put forward his claim again that [[circumcision of 53 percent ]] would prevent [[penile cancer]] in 1941the British journal, ''The Lancet''.<ref name="laumann1997Wolbarst 1932" >{{Wolbarst1932}}</ref>In those long ago days, the true causes of cancer were unknown so it was impossible to disprove Wolbarst's falsehoods.

<b>World War IILaumann et al.</b> America entered the war after the Empire of Japan attacked the American naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii on 7 December 1941. This was followed by Germany declaring war on the United States. The information on military circumcision writing in WWII is sketchy and anecdotal. It appears that many [[foreskinned]] American men were encouraged and1997, in some cases, forced to be circumcised. It seems that the American military's foreskin-phobia and reported an incidence of circumcision policy persisted through the Korean War (1950-52) but was discontinued by a change of 31 percent in policy thereafter1933. The <ref name="Sand Mythlaumann1997" circulated among English-speaking armies. According to the Sand Myth, foreskinned men who fought in the Saharan desert had medical issues due to sand collecting under the [[foreskin]]. [[Intact]] Italian and German men who fought in the same desert had no such problems.<ref>{{REFjournal |last=DarbyLaumann |first=RobertEdward O.

|author-link=Robert Darby |last2=Masi |first2=christopher M. |init2= |author2-link= |last3=Zuckerman |first3=Ezra W. |init3= |author3-link=

|title=The riddle of Circumcision in the sands: circumcision, history, and mythUnited States |journal=NZ Med JJAMA

|date=20051997-0704-1502 |volume=118277 |issue=121813

|page=U1564 |pages=1052-7 |url=httpshttp://www.academiacirp.eduorg/9899840library/general/laumann/The_riddle_of_the_sands_Circumcision_history_and_myth |archived= |quote= |pubmedID=160277539091693

[[Abraham RavichHiram S. Yellen]] and [[Aaron Goldstein]] (1942) falsely claimed that circumcision prevents invented the [[prostate cancerGomco]]clamp in 1934-1935.The clamp, by crushing the foreskin in an intensely painful procedure, reduced the risk of hemorrhage,<ref name="ravich1942yellen1935">{{Ravich1942GoldsteinYellen1935}}</ref> '''Post-war era.''' In but increased the post-war era after WWII, the popularity of non-therapeutic circumcision, driven by medical promotion by doctors seeking a nice [[Financial incentive| surgical feepain]] as an alleged preventive of penile cancer and by the [[Adamant father syndrome| adamant request of circumcised men home from the war who became fathers]]. Non-therapeutic, medically-unnecessary circumcision of boys had become a "routine" surgical operation that usually was performed automatically on newborn boys even without consent from anyone. Laumann et al. (1997) reported an incidence of non-therapeutic circumcision of boys of 85 percent in 1948.<ref name="laumann1997sinkey2015" />{{REFjournal [[Eugene H |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm. Hand]], {{MD}}, (1949) falsely claimed that circumcision would prevent cancer of the tongue and venereal diseasenih.<ref namegov/pubmed/25794628?dopt=Abstract |title="HandEH1949">{{REFjournalThe GoMo study: a randomized clinical trial assessing neonatal pain with Gomco vs Mogen clamp circumcision |last=HandSinkey |init=RG |last2=Eschenbacher |firstinit2=Eugene H.MA |last3=Walsh |init3=PM |last4=Doerger |init4=RG |last5=Lambers |init5=DS |initlast6=EHSibai |author-linkinit6=Eugene H. HandBM |urllast7=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18135844/Habli |titleinit7=Circumcision and venereal diseaseMA |journal=Archives of Dermatology and SyphilologyAm J Obstet Gynecol |date=19492015-0905 |volume=60212 |issue=35 |pages341pages=664.e1-68 |pubmedID=1813584425794628 |DOI=10.10011016/archdermj.1949ajog.01530030037004 2015.03.029 |accessdate=2021-10-0805}}</ref> The publication availability of a landmark article by [[Douglas Gairdner]] (1949) in the [[United Kingdom]] showing that infant circumcision is Gomco clamp increased the popularity of non-therapeutic, unnecessary, causes deaths, and which called for preservation of the foreskin<ref name="gairdner1949">{{GairdnerDM 1949}}</ref> was totally ignored by the infant circumcision industry in the United States.

===Late twentieth century===The late twentieth century was characterized by increasing opposition to non-therapeutic circumcision Brown (1937) reported restoration of boys by the [[intactivistsskin]] and increasing efforts by of the circumcision industry to protect [[third-party paymentpenis]] for performance after a denudation complication of noncircumcision.<ref name="brown1837">{{REFjournal |last=Brown |init=JB |author-therapeutic circumcision link= |url= |title=Restoration of the entire skin of nonthe penis |journal=Surg Gynecol Obstetr |date=1937 |volume=65 |issue=362-5 |pages= |accessdate=2021-consenting boys; and by increasing recognition that newborn boys intensely feel [[pain]] and that non10-therapeutic male [[circumcision]] is a horribly traumatic experience.05}}</ref>

[[Abraham Ravich]] Laumann et al. (19511997) falsely claimed that [[reported an incidence of circumcision]] prevents [[cervical cancer]] of 53 percent in women1941.<ref name="ravitch1951laumann1997">{{Ravich1951}}</ref>

Hollister, Inc. formally introduced the [[Plastibell]] circumcision device in 1953.<ref name=MillerSnyder1953b>{{MillerSnyder1953}}World War II.</refb>America entered the war after the Empire of Japan attacked the American naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii on 7 December 1941. This was followed by Germany declaring war on the United States.

The information on military circumcision in WWII is sketchy and anecdotal. It appears that many [[foreskinned]] American men were encouraged and, in some cases, forced to be [[Ernest Lcircumcised]]. WynderIt seems that the American military's [[foreskin]] -phobia and circumcision policy persisted through the Korean War (19541950-52) promoted male circumcision to prevent cervical cancer but was discontinued by a change in womenpolicy thereafter.<ref name="wynder1954">{{Wynder1954}}</ref>

The Congress of the United States created "Sand Myth" circulated among English-speaking armies. According to the [httpshttp://www.medicaidcircumstitions.govcom/ Medicaid programsand.htm Sand Myth], [[foreskinned] ] men who fought in 1965. Medicaid is a joint federal/state program that pays the Saharan desert had medical expenses of low-income Americansissues due to sand collecting under the [[foreskin]]. Medicaid covers about 45 percent of births [[Intact]] Italian and German men who fought in the United States. Medicaid pays for medically-unnecessary, non-therapeutic circumcision in 32 states, although it appears to be a violation of law to do sosame desert had no such problems.<ref name="adler2011">{{REFjournal |last=AdlerDarby |first=Peter W.Robert |init=PW |author-link=Peter W. AdlerRobert Darby |etal=no |title=It is lawful to use Medicaid to pay for The riddle of the sands: circumcision?, history, and myth |journal=Journal of Law and MedicineNZ Med J |location= |date=20112005-07-15 |volume=19118 |issue=1218 |article= |pagespage=335-353U1564 |url=https://www.arclawacademia.orgedu/wp-content9899840/uploads/2019/04/is-it-lawful-to-use-medicaid-to-pay-for-circumcision.pdfThe_riddle_of_the_sands_Circumcision_history_and_myth |pubmedID=16027753 |pubmedCID= |quoteDOI=

California Medicaid [[Abraham Ravich]] (Medi-Cal1942) announced in 1968 falsely claimed that non-therapeutic circumcision would not be a covered benefitprevents [[prostate cancer]].<refname="ravich1942">{{REFwebRavich1942}}</ref> |url=https://insuremekevin'''Post-war era.com/california''' In the post-health-plans-cover-new-bornwar era after WWII, the popularity of non-therapeutic [[circumcision/ |title=Medi-Cal won’t cover circumcision ]] increased, driven by medical promotion by doctors seeking a nice [[Financial incentive|last= surgical fee]] as an alleged preventive of penile cancer and by the [Adamant father syndrome|first= |accessdate=2021-10-05}}</ref>adamant request of circumcised men home from the war who became fathers]].

W. K. C. MorganNon-therapeutic, a Canadian medical doctor, then on the faculty of the medically-unnecessary [[https://www.medschool.umaryland.edu/ University of Maryland School of Medicinecircumcision]], in a highly critcal letter pubished by ''JAMA'' (1965), slammed the practice of non-therapeutic circumcision of boys as it had developed in the United Statesbecome a "routine" surgical operation that usually was performed automatically on newborn boys even without consent from anyone.<ref>{{REFjournal |last=Morgan |first= |init=WKC |author-link= |etal=no |title=The rape of the phallus |journal=JAMA |location= |date=1965-07-19 |volume=193 |issue= |article= |page= |pages=223-4 |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/general/morgan/ |archived= |quote= |pubmedID=14310332 |pubmedCID= |DOI=jama.1965.03090030045013 |accessdate=2021-10-05}}</ref>

Preston Laumann et al. (19701997) considered the matter reported an incidence of infant non-therapeutic circumcision. He examined and debunked claims that male circumcision could prevent cancer of the cervix in women, cancer of the penis and cancer boys of the prostate 85 percent in men1948. Preston concluded:<ref name="laumann1997" />

<blockquote>Routine [[Eugene H. Hand]], {{MD}}, (1949) falsely claimed that circumcision would prevent cancer of the newborn is an unnecessary procedure. It provides questionable benefits tongue and is associated with a small but definite incidence of complications [[Circumcision and hazards. These risks are preventable if the operation is not performed unless truly medically indicated. Circumcision of the newborn is a procedure that should no longer be considered routineSTDs| venereal disease]].<refname="HandEH1949">{{REFjournal |last=PrestonHand |first=EEugene H. Noel |init=EH |author-link=Eugene H. Hand ||etalurl=nohttps://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18135844/ |title=Whither the foreskin? A consideration of routine neonatal circumcision.Circumcision and venereal disease |journal=JAMA |location=Archives of Dermatology and Syphilology |date=19701949-09-14 |volume=21360 |issue=113 |article= |page= |pages=1853pages341-8 |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/general/preston/ |archived= |quote=6 |pubmedID=5468911 |pubmedCID=18135844 |DOI=10.1001/jama.213archderm.111949.185301530030037004 |accessdate=2021-10-0508}}</ref> The publication of a landmark article by [[Douglas Gairdner]] (1949) in the [[United Kingdom]] showing that infant circumcision is non-therapeutic, unnecessary, causes deaths, and which called for preservation of the [[foreskin]]<ref name="gairdner1949">{{GairdnerDM 1949}}</ref> was totally ignored by the [[circumcision industry]] in the United States. ===Late twentieth century=======Third quarter====The late twentieth century was characterized by increasing opposition to non-therapeutic circumcision of boys by [[intactivists]] and increasing efforts by the circumcision industry to protect [[third-party payment]] for performance of non-therapeutic circumcision of non-consenting boys; and by increasing recognition that newborn boys intensely feel [[pain]] and that non-therapeutic male [[circumcision]] is a [[trauma| horribly traumatic experience]]. [[Abraham Ravich]] (1951) falsely claimed that [[circumcision]] prevents [[cervical cancer]] in women.<ref name="ravitch1951">{{Ravich1951}}</ref> Hollister, Inc. formally introduced the [[Plastibell]] circumcision device in 1953.<ref name=MillerSnyder1953>{{MillerSnyder1953}}</blockquoteref>

Preston's paper elicited a response from C[[Ernest L. JWynder]] (1954) promoted male circumcision to prevent cervical cancer in women. Falliers, <ref name="wynder1954">{{MDWynder1954}}, (1970) who cited </ref> The Congress of the United States created the [https://www.medicaid.gov/ Medicaid program] in 1965. Medicaid is a joint federal/state program that pays the "sensory pleasure induced by tactile stimulation medical expenses of low-income Americans. Medicaid covers about 45 percent of births in the foreskinUnited States. Medicaid pays for medically-unnecessary, non-therapeutic circumcision in 32 states, although it appears to be a violation of law to do so."<ref name="falliers1970adler2011">{{REFjournal |last=FalliersAdler |first=Peter W. |init=CJPW |author-link= |etal=Peter W. Adler |title=Circumcision (letter)It is lawful to use Medicaid to pay for circumcision? |journal=JAMA |location=Journal of Law and Medicine |date=1970-12-212011 |volume=21419 |issue=12 |article= |page=2194 |pages=335-53 |url=httphttps://www.cirparclaw.org/librarywp-content/generaluploads/falliers12019/ |archived=04/is-it-lawful-to-use-medicaid-to-pay-for-circumcision.pdf

[[Abraham Ravich]] (1971) falsely claims that circumcision prevents cancer W. K. C. Morgan, a Canadian medical doctor, then on the faculty of the bladder and the rectum.<ref name="ravich1971">{{Ravich1971UNI|University of Maryland|UMD}}< [https://ref> Laumann et alwww.medschool. reported an incidence of newborn circumcision of 78 percent in 1971umaryland. The [[American Academy edu/ School of PediatricsMedicine]] (AAP) is not an "academy" at all. It is , in a medical trade association that protects and advances the business and financial interests of its pediatrician "fellows". Influenced highly critcal letter pubished by Preston's paper'JAMA'' (1965), slammed the AAP published a manual on the hospital care practice of newborn infants in 1971. The manual included the statement:<blockquote>There are no valid medical indications for non-therapeutic circumcision of boys as it had developed in the neonatal periodUnited States.<ref>{{REFbookREFjournal |last=Morgan

|year=1971 |title=Standards and Recommendation for Hospital Care of Newborn infants |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/statements/aap/#a1971 |pages=110 |location=Evanston, IL |publisher=American Academy of Pediatrics. |isbn= |accessdate=2021-10-05 }}</ref></blockquote> The statement in the 1971 manual was good medical science, then and now, but it did not sit well with the membership of the AAP because it provided no basis on which to promote non-therapeutic circumcision for profit. A four-member "ad hoc" task force was formed to produce a new statement to fit the desires of the membership, which was published in ''Pediatrics'' in 1975.<ref name="aap1975">{{REFjournal |last=Thompson |first= |init=HCWKC

|last2=King |first2= |init2=LR |author2-link= |last3=Knox |first3= |init3=E |author3-link= |last4=Korones |first4= |init4=SH |author4-link= |etal=no |title=Report The rape of the Ad Hoc Task Force on Circumcisionphallus |journal=PediatricsJAMA |location= |date=19751965-07-1019 |volume=56193 |issue=3

|page= |pages=610223-114 |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/statementsgeneral/aapmorgan/#a1975 |archived= |quote= |pubmedID=117438414310332 |pubmedCID= |DOI= |accessdate=2021-10-06}}</ref> The new statement had not a single citation of any other document. While it recognized the validity of the 1971 statement, It claimed without any basis that parents had a right to circumcise a newborn infant boy for "traditional, cultural, and religious factors".<ref name="aap1975" /> The statement claimed facilitation of hygiene, prevention of [[phimosis]], and prevention of [[penile cancer]] as reasons that parents may elect non-therapeutic infant circumcision.<ref name="aap1975" /> The statement expressed no concern for the [[pain]] of circumcision, nor did it provide information on the functions and value of the [[foreskin]] nor did it recognize the child as a person with domestic and international rights to self-determination and physical integrityjama. The statement carefully avoided recommending [[circumcision]] and placed the responsibility for the certain amputation injury on the parents rather than on the attending physician.<ref name="aap1975" /> The 1975 statement served as the AAP's position statement until 19891965. The AAP supplemented the 1975 statement in 1977 by stating:<blockquote>There are no medical indications for routine circumcisions, and the procedure cannot be considered an essential component of health care. If an infant is circumcised, the procedure must be delayed until the infant is at least 24 hours old and stable, without bleeding tendency or any other illness. Circumcision must never be done at time of delivery.<ref>{{REFbook |last= |first= |year=1977 |title=Standards and Recommendations for Hospital Care of Newborn Infants. Sixth Edition |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/statements/aap/#a1977 |pages=66-7 |location=Evanston, IL |publisher=American Academy of Pediatrics |isbn=03090030045013

}}</ref></blockquote>

Infant Preston (1970) considered the matter of infant [[circumcision traditionally had been carried out without any kind of anesthesia or analgesia because of the false belief ]]. He examined and debunked claims that infants male circumcision could not feel pain. Researchers started to investigate prevent cancer of the [[Pain| pain cervix]] in women, cancer of circumcisionthe [[penis]] and cancer of the prostate in the 1970smen.Preston concluded:

The American Cancer Society estimated that there are about 460 deaths per year in the United States from penile cancer.<refblockquote>{{REFweb |url=https://wwwRoutine circumcision of the newborn is an unnecessary procedure.cancerIt provides questionable benefits and is associated with a small but definite incidence of complications and hazards.org/cancer/penile-cancer/about/key-statisticsThese risks are preventable if the operation is not performed unless truly medically indicated.html |title=Key Statistics for Penile Cancer |last= |first= |date=2021-01-12 |accessdate=2021-10-17}}</ref> Sidney S. Gellis, {{MD}} (1978) estimated that the number Circumcision of deaths from infant circumcision exceeded the number of deaths from penile cancernewborn is a procedure that should no longer be considered routine.<ref name="gellis1978">{{REFjournal |last=GellisPreston |first=E. Noel

||etal=no |title=Circumcision |trans-title= |language=Whither the foreskin? A consideration of routine neonatal circumcision. |journal=Am J Dis ChildJAMA

|date=19781970-1209-14 |volume=132213 |issue=11

|page= |pages=11681853-98 |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/general/gellis1preston/ |archived= |quote= |pubmedID=7173295468911

|DOI=10.1001/archpedijama.1978213.02120370016003 11.1853 |accessdate=2021-10-1705}}</ref></blockquote>

David GrimesPreston's paper elicited a response from C. J. Falliers, {{MD}}, (19781970), recognized who cited the increasing controversy regarding "sensory pleasure induced by tactile stimulation of the practice of non-therapeutic infant circumcision. Grimes discussed several concerns including: * Irrational patient selection.* Lack of information prior to consent.* Pain and anesthesia management.* Improper surgical objectives.* Lack of cost-effectivenessforeskin."<ref name="grimes1978falliers1970">{{REFjournal |last=GrimesFalliers |first=David |init=CJ |author-link= |etal=no |title=Routine circumcision of the newborn: a reappraisalCircumcision (letter) |journal=Am J Obstet GynecolJAMA

|date=19781970-0112-1521 |volume=130214 |issue=212

|page= |pages=125-92194 |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/general/grimes/ |archived= |quote= |pubmedID=413435 |pubmedCID= |DOI=10.1016falliers1/0002-9378(78)90353-8

Grimes concluded:<blockquote> However, until the benefits of routine [[Abraham Ravich]] (1971) falsely claims that circumcision prevents cancer of the neonate can be proved worth bladder and the risk and cost, medical resources probably should be allocated to measures of demonstrated valuerectum.<ref name="grimes1978ravich1971" />{{Ravich1971}}</blockquoteref>The American circumcision industry appears to have totally ignored Grimes' concerns.

It was at about this time that several small organizations that opposed non-therapeutic circumcision of boys started to appear. They were the first [[intactivists]], although that word had not yet been coined. One such organization was the Remain Intact Organization of Larchwood, Iowa, which was lead by Rev. [[George Zangger| Russell George Zangger]]Laumann et al. From the 1970s to the 1990s Zangger sent out cards with New Testament quotations that said the outward sign reported an incidence of newborn circumcision is of no value. [[Jeffrey R. Wood]] formed [[INTACT Educational Foundation| INTACT]] (Infants Need to Avoid Circumcision Trauma), founded 78 percent in 1976 as a local resource serving Western Massachusetts, and "Dedicated to Preserving Freedom of Choice." The organization gained recognition and had members across the nation1971.

Boczko & Freed The [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] (1979AAP) collected cases is not an "academy" at all. It is a [[medical trade association]] that protects and advances the business and financial interests of its pediatrician "fellows". Influenced by Preston's paper, the AAP published a manual on the hospital care of penile cancer newborn infants in 1971. The manual included the statement:<blockquote><b>There are no valid medical indications for circumcision in circucised men the neonatal period.</b><ref>{{REFbook |year=1971 |title=Standards and by so doingRecommendation for Hospital Care of Newborn infants |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/statements/aap/#a1971 |page=110 |location=Evanston, {{USSC|IL}} |publisher=American Academy of Pediatrics |isbn= |accessdate=2021-10-05 }}</ref></blockquote>====Fourth quarter====The statement in the 1971 manual was good medical science, then and now, disproved but it did not sit well with the membership of the false belief propagated since 1932 by [[Abraham LAAP because it provided no basis on which to promote non-therapeutic circumcision for profit. Wolbarst]] that circumcision A four-member "ad hoc" task force was formed to produce a new statement to 'walk-back' the earlier statement to fit the desires of the membership, which was protective against penile cancerpublished in ''Pediatrics'' in 1975.<ref name="boczko1979aap1975">{{REFjournal |last=BoczoThompson |first=Stanley |init=HC

|last2=FreedKing |first2=Selwyn |init2=LR

|title=Penile carcinoma in circumcised malesReport of the Ad Hoc Task Force on Circumcision |journal=N Y State J Med Pediatrics

|date=19791975-1110 |volume=7956 |issue=123

|pages=1903610-411 |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/diseasestatements/canceraap/boczko/ |archived= |quote=#a1975 |pubmedID=2928451174384

|accessdate=2021-10-0706}}</ref>The new statement had not a single citation of any other document. While it recognized the validity of the 1971 statement, It claimed without any basis that parents had a right to circumcise a newborn infant boy for "traditional, cultural, and religious factors".<ref name="aap1975" /> The statement falsely claimed facilitation of hygiene, prevention of [[phimosis]], and prevention of [[penile cancer]] as reasons that parents may elect non-therapeutic infant circumcision.<ref name="aap1975" /> The statement expressed no concern for the [[pain]] and [[trauma]] of circumcision, nor did it provide information on the functions and value of the [[foreskin]] nor did it recognize the child as a person with domestic and international rights to self-determination and [[physical integrity]]. The statement carefully avoided recommending [[circumcision]] and placed the responsibility for the certain [[amputation]] injury on the parents rather than on the attending physician.<ref name="aap1975" /> The 1975 statement served as the AAP's position statement until 1989.

Robert Leon BakerThe AAP supplemented the 1975 statement in 1977 by stating:<blockquote>There are no medical indications for [[Routine Infant Circumcision|routine circumcisions]], {{MD}} (1979) estimated 229 deaths per year in and the procedure cannot be considered an essential component of health care. If an infant is circumcised, the procedure must be delayed until the United States from circumcision complicationsinfant is at least 24 hours old and stable, without [[bleeding]] tendency or any other illness. Circumcision must never be done at time of delivery.<ref name="baker1979">{{REFjournalREFbook |last=Baker |first=Robert L. |init= |author-linkyear= |etal=no1977 |title=Standards and Recommendations for Hospital Care of Newborn male circumcision: needless and dangerous |trans-title= |language= |journal=Sexual Medicine Today |location= |date=1979 |volume=3 |issue=11 |article= |page= |pages=35-6Infants. Sixth Edition |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/generalstatements/baker1aap/#a1977 |archivedpages=66-7 |quotelocation= Evanston, {{USSC|pubmedID=IL}} |pubmedCIDpublisher=American Academy of Pediatrics |DOIisbn= |accessdate=2021-10-1705 }}</ref></blockquote>

Infant circumcision traditionally had been carried out without any kind of anesthesia or analgesia because of the false belief that infants could not feel [[Tim Hammondpain]] organized the [http://www.noharmm.org/ National Organization Researchers started to Halt investigate the Abuse and Routine Mutilation [[Pain| pain of Malescircumcision]] in 1992the 1970s.

Professor Lowell RThe American Cancer Society estimated that there are about 460 deaths per year in the United States from penile cancer.<ref>{{REFweb |url=https://www. King cancer.org/cancer/penile-cancer/about/key-statistics.html |title=Key Statistics for Penile Cancer |last= |first= |date=2021-01-12 |accessdate=2021-10-17}}</ref> Sidney S. Gellis, {{MD}} (19821978), who had been a member estimated that the number of the "ad hoc" task force on deaths from infant circumcision of the AAP, felt compelled to defend exceeded the reasoning number of the task forcedeaths from [[penile cancer]].<ref name="king1982gellis1978">{{REFjournal |last=KingGellis |first=Lowell R. |init= |author-link=

|title=Neonatal circumcision in the United States in 1982Circumcision |trans-title= |language= |journal=Am J UrolDis Child

|date=19821978-1112 |volume=128132 |issue=5

|pages=11351168-69 |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/general/king1982gellis1/ |archived= |quote= |pubmedID=7176044717329

|DOI=10.10161001/s0022-5347(17)53361-3archpedi.1978.02120370016003 |accessdate=2021-10-1117

[[Marilyn Fayre Milos]]David Grimes, {{RNMD}}, while a nursing student at [https://www.mymarinhealth.org/locations/medical-center/ Marin General Hospital](1978), witnessed an unanesthetized circumcision of a newborn boy in 1979. Shocked by recognized the increasing controversy regarding the extreme [[pain]] and horror practice of it, she became an opponent of infant circumcision and was forced to resign in 1985 from her nursing position at Marin General Hospital where infant non-therapeutic circumcision is a profit center and promoted to parents. She immediately created the National Organization of Circumcision Information Resource Centers (infant [[NOCIRCcircumcision]]) in 1985.Grimes discussed several concerns including:

[[Rosemary Romberg]] (1985) published <i>Circumcision: The Painful Dilemma</i>* Irrational patient selection.* Lack of information prior to consent.* Pain and anesthesia management.* Improper surgical objectives.[[Edward Wallerstein]] (1985) pointed out that the American way * Lack of practicing noncost-religious circumcision of boys is without parallel anywhere else in the worldeffectiveness.<refname="grimes1978">{{REFjournal |last=WallersteinGrimes |first=EdwardDavid

|author-link=Edward Wallerstein

|title=Is Nonreligious Circumcision Necessary?Routine circumcision of the newborn: a reappraisal |journal=Urol Clin North AmJ Obstet Gynecol

|date=19851978-0501-15 |volume=12130 |issue=12 |article= |pages=123125-329 |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/general/wallersteingrimes/ |quote= |pubmedID=413435

|DOI=10.1016/0002-9378(78)90353-8 |accessdate=2021-10-0605

Grimes concluded:<blockquote> However, until the benefits of [[Routine Infant Circumcision| routine circumcision]] of the neonate can be proved worth the risk and cost, medical resources probably should be allocated to measures of demonstrated value.<ref name="grimes1978" /></blockquote>The American lawyer William Ecircumcision industry appears to have totally ignored Grimes' concerns. Brigman (1985) used new medical evidence  It was at about this time that several small organizations that opposed non-therapeutic circumcision of boys started to appear. They were the first [[intactivists]], although that word had not yet been coined. One such organization was the Remain Intact Organization of Larchwood, Iowa, which was lead by Rev. [[George Zangger| Russell George Zangger]]. From the 1970s to argue the 1990s Zangger sent out cards with New Testament quotations that said the outward sign of circumcision is child abuseof no value. [[Jeffrey R. Wood]] formed [[INTACT Educational Foundation| INTACT]] (Infants Need to Avoid Circumcision [[Trauma]]), founded in 1976 as a local resource serving Western Massachusetts, and discussed possible legal remedies"Dedicated to Preserving Freedom of Choice. Recent medical articles have documented " The organization gained recognition and had members across the actual injury nation. Boczko & Freed (1979) collected cases of circumcision[[penile cancer]] in [[circumcised]] men and by so doing, to make it possible for an attorney to win damages for wrongful disproved the false belief propagated since 1932 by [[Abraham L. Wolbarst]] that circumcision, he said. Brigman suggested civil rights class action suits was protective against hospitalspenile cancer.<ref name="brigman1985boczko1979">{{REFjournal |last=BrigmanBoczo |first=William E.Stanley |init=WE

|last2=Freed |first2=Selwyn |init2= |author2-link= |etal=no |title=Circumcision as Child Abuse: The Legal and Constitutional IssuesPenile carcinoma in circumcised males |journal=N Y State J Fam LawMed |location= |date=19851979-11 |volume=2379 |issue=312 |article= |pages=3371903-4 |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/legaldisease/brigmancancer/boczko/ |pubmedID=292845 |pubmedCID= |DOI=

Anand & Hickey Robert Leon Baker, {{MD}} (19871979) published a paper in the ''New England Journal of Medicine'' that conclusively proved that newborn infants are capable of feeling intense pain. After publication of this landmark paper, no doubt about pain sensation in infants remained. The article stated:<blockquote><i>Numerous lines of evidence suggest that even in the human fetus, pain pathways as well as cortical and subcortical centers necessary for pain perception are well developed late estimated 229 [[Death| deaths]] per year in gestation, and the neurochemical systems now known to be associated with pain transmission and modulation are intact and functional. Physiologic responses to painful stimuli have been well documented in neonates of various gestational ages and are reflected in hormonal, metabolic, and cardiorespiratory changes similar to but greater than those observed in adult subjects. Other responses in newborn infants are suggestive of integrated emotional and behavioral responses to pain and are retained in memory long enough to modify subsequent behavior patternsUnited States from circumcision complications.</i><ref name="anand1987baker1979">{{REFjournal |last=AnandBaker |first=Robert L. |init=KJS

|last2etal=Hickeyno |init2title=PRNewborn male circumcision: needless and dangerous |author2trans-link= |etaltitle=yes |titlelanguage=Pain and its effects in the human neonate and fetus |journal=N Engl J MedSexual Medicine Today

|date=1987-11-191979 |volume=3173 |issue=2111 |article= |pages=132135-96 |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/pain/anandgeneral/ |archived= |quote= |pubmedID=3317037 |pubmedCID= |DOI=10.1056baker1/NEJM198711193172105 |accessdate=2021-10-0717

[[NOCIRCEdward Wallerstein]] sponsored the (1980) published his book, ''[[First International SymposiumCircumcision: An American Health Fallacy]] on Circumcision which was held in Anaheim, California, USA on 1-3 March 1989''. <ref name="wallerstein1980">{{WallersteinE 1980}}</ref>

The July/August 1989 edition Bollinger (2017) reported the incidence of infant non-therapeutic circumcision peaked at about 85 percent of all infant boys in 1982.<iref name="bollinger2017">[[The Truth Seeker]]{{REFweb |url=https://www.academia.edu/23494197/Infant_Male_Genital_Cutting_Incidence_Worldwide |title=Infant male genital cutting incidence worldwide |last=Bollinger |first=Dan |author-link=Dan Bollinger |publisher=Academia |website= |date=2017-05-19 |accessdate=2021-10-27 |format=PDF |quote=}}</iref> was dedicated to circumcision. It featured the core proceedings from the First International Symposium.

The [[American Academy of PediatricsJohn A. Erickson]]' 1975 circumcision promotional statement<ref name="aap1975" /> was now getting long in the tooth so a newer statement was desired. The AAP appointed the late (1982) started to work individually to advance [[Edgar J. Schoengenital integrity]], {{MD}}, of Oakland, California, who had written a humorous poem about circumcision as the chairman of a new task force on circumcision. The task force had six members of whom five (83%), including Schoen, were believed to be Jewish, although Jews constitute only 1.9 percent of the population.

Schoen's Professor Lowell R. King (1982), who had been a member of the 1975 "ad hoc" task force produced on circumcision of the AAP's [[American_Academy_of_Pediatrics#Third_policy_.281989.29| third circumcision policy statement]] which was published in ''Pediatrics'' in November 1979, felt compelled to defend the reasoning of the task force.<ref name="aap1989king1982">{{REFjournal |last=SchoenKing |first=Edgar JLowell R. |init=EJ |author-link=Edgar J. Schoen |last2=Anderson |first2=Glenn |init2=G |author2-link= |last3=Bohon |first3=Constance |init3=C |author3-link= |last4=Hinman |first4=Frank |init4=F |author4-link= |last5=Poland |first5=Ronald |init5=R |author5-link= |last6=Wakeman |first6=E. Maurice |init6=EM |author6-link=

|title=Report of Neonatal circumcision in the Task Force of Circumcision.United States in 1982 |journal=PediatricsJ Urol

|date=19891982-11 |volume=84128 |issue=45 |article= |pages=3881135-916 |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/statementsgeneral/aapking1982/#a1989 |archived= |quote= |pubmedID=2664697 7176044

|DOI=10.1016/s0022-5347(17)53361-3 |accessdate=2021-10-1011

The statement, which was intended to promote [[BUFF| Brothers United for Future Foreskins]] (1982) revived the practice of [[epispasm]] (non-therapeutic circumcision for the benefit of the fellows of the AAP, had a high degree of surgical [[biasforeskin restoration]] and ) that had many serious deficiencesnot been praticed since antiquity. Some more notable deficiences included:

* failure to recognize the child as a person with legal rights to bodily integrity.* failure to provide information on the nature and functions of the human [[foreskinMarilyn Fayre Milos]], {{RN}}, while a nursing student at [https://www.mymarinhealth.* failure to call for analgesia to ease org/locations/medical-center/ Marin General Hospital], witnessed an unanesthetized circumcision of a newborn boy in 1979. Shocked by the intense extreme [[pain]] and horror of it, she became an opponent of infant circumcision and was forced to resign in 1985 from her nursing position at Marin General Hospital where infant non-therapeutic circumcision is a profit center and promoted to parents. She immediately created the amputation.* inclusion National Organization of Circumcision Information Resource Centers ([[Thomas E. Wiswell]]'s methodologically-flawed papers on [[urinary tract infectionNOCIRC]] (UTI).* failure to inform parents that UTI is properly treated with antibiotics.* use of the misleading word ''potential'' to describe speculative medical benefits that do not actually exist.* attempting to shift responsibility for the performance of an injurious and harmful amputation from the medical operator to the parentsin 1985.

[[Rosemary Romberg]] (1985) published <i>Circumcision: The advocacy of circumcision to prevent UTI spurred a debate in the medical literature until the AAP published a new statement in 1999 that softened the claimsPainful Dilemma</i>.

[[Charles A. Bonner|BonnerEdward Wallerstein]] & Kinane (1989) discussed the legal and constitutional issues of non-therapeutic male circumcision under United States and California law.<ref name="bonner1989">{{REFjournal |last=Bonner |first=Charles |init=C |author-link=Charles A. Bonner |last2=Kinane |first2=Michael |init2=M |author2-link= |title=The Legal and Constitutional Issues |journal=The Truth Seeker |date=1989-07 |url=http://www.noharmm.org/bonner.htm |accessdate=2021-10-10}}</ref> Professor Ronald Poland (19901985), who had served on the task force with [[Edgar J. Schoen]] pointed out that produced the 1989 AAP Circumcision Policy Statement, strongly objected to the use American way of methodologically flawed UTI studies. Professor Poland concluded that infant practicing non-therapeutic religious circumcision should not be "a part of routine medical careboys is without parallel anywhere else in the world."<ref name="poland1990">{{REFjournal |last=PolandWallerstein |first=Ronald L.Edward

|author-link=Edward Wallerstein

|title=The question of routine neonatal circumcisionIs Nonreligious Circumcision Necessary? |journal=N Eng J MedUrol Clin North Am

|date=19901985-05-03 |volume=32212 |issue=18 |article= |page=1 |pages=1312123-532 |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/general/polandwallerstein/ |archived=

|pubmedID=2183058

|DOI=10.1056/NEJM199005033221811 |accessdate=2021-10-1106

The [[Second International Symposium]] on Circumcision convened at the Hotel Kabuki in San Francisco, California, USA on April 30 through May 3, 1991.  Lynn American lawyer William E. Lebit Brigman (19921985) used new medical evidence to argue that circumcision is child abuse, and discussed issues with possible legal remedies. Recent medical articles have documented the substituted judgment doctrineactual injury of circumcision, to make it possible for an attorney to win damages for wrongful circumcision, he said. Brigman suggested civil rights class action suits against hospitals.<ref name="lebit1992brigman1985">{{REFjournal |last=LebitBrigman |first=Lynn William E. |init=LEWE

|etal=no |title=Compelled Medical Procedures Involving Minors and Incompetents Circumcision as Child Abuse: The Legal and Misapplication of the Substituted Judgment DoctrineConstitutional Issues |journal=Journal of J Fam Law and Medicine |location= |date=19921985 |volume=723 |issue=3 |pagespage=107337 |url=http://engagedscholarshipwww.csuohiocirp.eduorg/cgilibrary/viewcontentlegal/brigman/ |accessdate=2021-10-07}}</ref> Anand & Hickey (1987) published a paper in the ''New England Journal of Medicine'' that conclusively proved that newborn infants are capable of feeling [[pain]].cgi?After publication of this landmark paper, no doubt about the existence of pain sensation in infants remained. The articlestated:<blockquote><i>Numerous lines of evidence suggest that even in the human [[fetus]], pain pathways as well as cortical and subcortical centers necessary for pain perception are well developed late in gestation, and the neurochemical systems now known to be associated with pain transmission and modulation are intact and functional. Physiologic responses to painful stimuli have been well documented in neonates of various gestational ages and are reflected in hormonal, metabolic, and cardiorespiratory changes similar to but greater than those observed in adult subjects. Other responses in newborn infants are suggestive of integrated emotional and behavioral responses to pain and are retained in memory long enough to modify subsequent behavior patterns.</i><ref name="anand1987">{{REFjournal |last=1304&contextAnand |init=KJS |author-link= |last2=Hickey |init2=PR |author2-link= |etal=yes |title=Pain and its effects in the human neonate and fetus |journal=N Engl J Med |location= |date=1987-11-19 |volume=317 |issue=jlh21 |archivedpages=1321-9 |quoteurl=http://www.cirp.org/library/pain/anand/ |pubmedID=116596233317037

|DOI=10.1056/NEJM198711193172105 |accessdate=2021-10-1007

Professor The July/August 1989 edition of <i>[[George C. DennistonThe Truth Seeker]], {{MD}}, {{MPH}}, explained some [[Foreskin#Physiological_functions| functions of the foreskin]], said circumcision was both unnecessary and harmful because of the deprivation of functions, so should not be performed.<ref name-"denniston1992"/i>{{REFjournal |last=Denniston |first=George Cwas dedicated to circumcision. |init= |author-link=George CIt featured the core proceedings from the First International Symposium. Denniston |etal=no |title=Unnecessary Circumcision |trans-title= |language= |journal=Female Patient |location= |date=1992-07 |volume=17 |issue= |article= |page= |pages=13-4 |url= |archived= |quote= |pubmedID= |pubmedCID= |DOI= |accessdate=}}</ref>

The [[Third International SymposiumAmerican Academy of Pediatrics]]' 1975 circumcision promotional statement<ref name="aap1975" /> was now getting long in the tooth so a newer statement was desired. The AAP appointed the late [[Edgar J. Schoen]] , {{MD}}, of Oakland, California, who had written a humorous poem about circumcision as the chairman of a new task force on Circumcision convened at the University circumcision. The task force had six members of Marylandwhom five (83%), College Parkincluding Schoen, Marylandwere believed to be Jewish, USA on 23-25 May 1994although Jews constitute only 1.9 percent of the population.

Professor [[George C. Denniston]], {{MD}}, {{MPH}}, organized [[Doctors Opposing Circumcision]] in 1995. A group of [[intactivist]]Schoen's assembled at Evanston, {{USSC|IL}} in 1996 for a meeting and then protested and demonstrated before task force produced the AAP convention in nearby Chicago.  's [[Geoffrey TAmerican_Academy_of_Pediatrics#Third_policy_.281989. Falk29| third circumcision policy statement]] created the [http://www.cirp.org/ Circumcision Information and Resources Pages] which was published in ''Pediatrics'' in 1996 to take advantage of the newly-available Internet. Ross Povenmire (1998) questioned the authority of parents to grant consent for non-therapeutic circumcision of childrenNovember 1979.<ref name="povenmire1998aap1989">{{REFjournal |last=PovenmireSchoen |first=Edgar J. |init=REJ |author-link=Edgar J. Schoen |last2=Anderson |first2=Glenn |init2=G

|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/legal/povenmire/ |title=Do Parents Have the Legal Authority to Consent to the Surgical Amputation of Normal, Healthy Tissue From Their Infant Children?: The Practice of Circumcision in the United States |journal=Journal of Gender, Social Policy & the Law |date=1998 |volume=7 |issue= |pages=87 |accessdate=2021-10-14}}</ref> The American Academy of Pediatrics had been acutely embarrassed by the faults of [[Edgar J. Schoen]]'s horrific circumcision policy statement, so a new task force was convened under the direction of Carole Marie Lannon, {{MD}}, {{MPH}}, to produce a new, more appropriate, and less embarrassing policy statement on non-therapeutic child circumcision. The new task force produced the [[American_Academy_of_Pediatrics#Fourth_policy_.281999.29|Fourth Circumcision Policy Statement]].<ref name="aap1999">{{REFjournal |last=Lannon |first=Carole Marie |init= |author-link= |last2=Bailey |first2=Ann Geryl Doll |init2= |author2-link= |last3=FleishmanBohon |first3=Alan R.Constance |init3=C |author3-link= |last4=KaplanHinman |first4=George W.Frank |init4=F

|last5=ShoemakerPoland |first5=Craig T.Ronald |init5=R

|last6=SwansonWakeman |first6=Jack TE.Maurice |init6=EM

|title=Report of the Task Force of Circumcision Policy Statement.

|date=19991989-0911 |volume=10384 |issue=3 |article= |page=4 |pages=686388-9391 |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/statements/aap1999aap/ |archived= |quote=#a1989 |pubmedID= 229261802664697

|DOI=10.1542/peds.2012-1989

}}</ref>  The 1999 statement, which was intended to promote the practice of non-therapeutic circumcision statement advocated analgesia for pain relief the benefit of the fellows of the extreme circumcision AAP, had a high degree of [[painbias]], admitted that and had many serious deficiences. Some more notable deficiences included: * failure to recognize the child as a person with legal rights to bodily integrity.* failure to provide information on the nature and functions of the human [[foreskin]] contains .* failure to call for analgesia to ease the intense [[Ridged band| nervespain]], softened of the claims made for [[UTIamputation]] prevention, recognized the effectiveness .* inclusion of breastfeeding at reducing [[Thomas E. Wiswell]]'s methodologically-flawed papers on [[urinary tract infection]] (UTI in infants and declared non-therapeutic infant circumcision ).* failure to be an inform parents that UTI is properly treated with antibiotics.* use of the misleading word ''electivepotential'' surgical procedureto describe speculative medical benefits that do not actually exist. Other than that, it shared * attempting to shift responsibility for the much performance of an injurious and harmful [[amputation]] from the same faults as medical operator to the 1989 statementparents.

Rhinehart The advocacy of [[circumcision]] to prevent [[UTI]] spurred a debate in the medical literature until the AAP published a new statement in 1999 that softened the claims. [[Charles A. Bonner|Bonner]] & Kinane (19991989) was a practicing psychiatrist who described his patients laterdiscussed the legal and constitutional issues of non-life problems stemming from their neonatal therapeutic male circumcisionunder United States and California law.<ref name="rhinehart1999bonner1989">{{REFjournal |last=RhinehartBonner |first=John W.Charles |init=JWC |author-link=Charles A. Bonner |etallast2=noKinane |titlefirst2=Neonatal Circumcision ReconsideredMichael |journalinit2=Transactional Analysis JournalM |locationauthor2-link= |datetitle=1999-07The Legal and Constitutional Issues |volumejournal=29The Truth Seeker |issue=3 |pagesdate=2151989-2107 |url=http://www.cirpnoharmm.org/library/psych/rhinehart1/ |quote= |pubmedID= |pubmedCID= |DOI=10bonner.htm |accessdate=2021-10-1410

Professor Ronald Poland (1990), who had served on the task force with [[Edgar J. Schoen]] that produced the 1989 AAP Circumcision Policy Statement, strongly objected to the use of methodologically flawed UTI studies. Professor Poland concluded that infant non-therapeutic circumcision should not be "a part of routine medical care."<ref name="poland1990">{{REFjournal |last=Poland |first=Ronald L. |init=Early twenty |author-first centurylink= |etal=no |title=The question of routine neonatal circumcision |journal=N Eng J Med |location= |date=1990-05-03 |volume=322 |issue=18 |article= |pages=1312-5 |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/general/poland/ |pubmedID=2183058 |pubmedCID= |DOI=10.1056/NEJM199005033221811 |accessdate=2021-10-11}}</ref> The [[Second International Symposium]] on Circumcision convened at the Hotel Kabuki in San Francisco, California, USA on April 30 through May 3, 1991.  [[Ronald Goldman]], {{PhD}}, founded the [[Circumcision Resource Center]] in 1991.

The twenty-first century has been characterized by greater opposition [[Tim Hammond]] organized the [http://www.noharmm.org/ National Organization to non-therapeutic circumcision of boys in the general population, the utter failure of Halt the circumcision industry's vaunted new circumcision policy, Abuse and much more attention to legal and ethical issue relating to non-therapeutic circumcision Routine Mutilation of boysMales] in 1992.

Giannetti (2000) argued that scientific misconduct in the [[American Academy of PediatricsJohn A. Erickson]] circumcision policy statements should expose the AAP to trade association liability.(1992) self-published ''Making America Safe for Foreskins''<ref name="gianetti2000">{{REFjournalREFbook |last=GiannettiErickson |first=MatthewJohn A. |init=MJA |author-link=John A. Erickson |title=Circumcision and the American Academy of Pediatrics: Should Scientific Misconduct Result in Trade Association LiabilityMaking America Safe for Foreskins |journalpublisher=Iowa Law RevSelf-published (42 page pamphlet) |datelocation=2000Biloxi, Mississippi |volumedate=85 |issue=4 |pages=15071992-68 |url=https://www.doctorsopposingcircumcision.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Gianetti-AAP-Misconduct-Trade-Assn-Iowa-Law-Rev-2000.pdf |accessdate=2020-05-09

[[JLynn E. Steven Svoboda|Svoboda]], [[Robert S. Van Howe|Van Howe]] & [[James G. Dwyer|Dwyer]] Lebit (20001992) discussed legal issues inherent with consent for non-therapeutic circumcision of boysthe substituted judgment doctrine.<ref name="svoboda2000lebit1992">{{REFjournal |last=SvobodaLebit |first=JLynn E. Steven |init=JSLE |author-link=J. Steven Svoboda |last2=Van Howe |first2=Robert S. |init2=RS |author2-link=Robert S. Van Howe |last3=Dwyer |first3=James G. |init3=JG |author3-link=James G. Dwyer |etal=no |title=Informed Consent for Neonatal Circumcision: An Ethical Compelled Medical Procedures Involving Minors and Incompetents and Legal ConundrumMisapplication of the Substituted Judgment Doctrine |journal=J Contemporary Health Journal of Law Policyand Medicine

|date=2000-091992 |volume=177 |issue=1 |pagespage=61-133107 |url=httpshttp://scholarshipengagedscholarship.lawcsuohio.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=12551304&context=jchlp |archived= |quote=jlh |pubmedID=1121634511659623

|accessdate=2021-10-1110

Professor [[JGeorge C. Steven SvobodaDenniston]] (2001) discussed , {{MD}}, {{MPH}}, explained some [[Foreskin#Physiological_functions| functions of the limits foreskin]], said circumcision was both unnecessary and harmful because of the lawdeprivation of functions, so should not be performed.<ref name=-"svoboda2001denniston1992">{{REFbookREFjournal |last=SvobodaDenniston |first=JGeorge C. Steven |init= |author-link=JGeorge C. Steven SvobodaDenniston |yearetal=2001no |title=Limits of the law: Comparative analysis of legal and extralegal methods.Unnecessary Circumcision |url=https://www.arclaw.org/wptrans-content/uploads/Limits-of-the-Law-Comparative-Analysis-of-Legal-and-Extralegal-Methods.pdf |work=Understanding Circumcision: A Multi-Disciplinary Approach to a Multi-Dimensional Problem |editor=[[George C. Denniston]], [[Frederick M. Hodges]], and [[Marilyn Fayre Milos]] |edition= |volumetitle= |chapterlanguage= |pagesjournal=297-365Female Patient

|publisherdate=Springer1992-07 |volume=17 |isbnissue=978-1-4419-3375-1. |quotearticle= |accessdatepages=202113-10-114 |url= |noteaccessdate=

Geoffrey PThe [[Third International Symposium]] on Circumcision convened at the {{UNI|University of Maryland|UMD}}, College Park, {{USSC|MD}}, USA on 23-25 May 1994.  Professor [[George C. Miller Denniston]], {{MD}}, {{MPH}}, organized [[Doctors Opposing Circumcision (2002D.O.C.) discussed ]] in 1995. Three registered nurses in Santa Fe, {{USSC|NM}}, who conscientiously objected to assisting with foreskin [[amputation]] operations, formed [[Nurses for the impact Rights of American culture on the law Child]] in 1995. A group of circumcision[[intactivist]]s assembled at Evanston, {{USSC|IL}} in 1996 for a meeting and then protested and demonstrated before the AAP convention in nearby Chicago.  [[John A. Erickson]] (1996) self-published ''Deeper into Circumcision: A Invitation to Awareness'' (196 pages).<ref name="miller2002erickson1996">{{REFjournalREFbook |last=MillerErickson |first=Geoffrey PJohn A. |init=GPJA |author-link= |title=Circumcision: Cultural-Legal Analysis |journal=Virginia Journal of Social Policy & the LawJohn A.Erickson |dateyear=2002-31996 |volumetitle=9 |issue= |pages=497-585Deeper into Circumcision: An Invitation to Awareness |url=http://www.cirpforeskin.org/library/legal/miller1/je-dic.htm |accessdatepublisher=2020Self-07-29published (196 page pamphlet) |location=Biloxi, Mississippi

[[George HillGeoffrey T. Falk]] (2003) questioned the authority of anyone to grant consent for created the non-therapeutic alteration of a child's body.<ref name="hill2010">{{REFjournal |last=Hill |first=George |init= |author-link=George Hill |etal=no |title=Can Anyone Authorize the Nontherapeutic Permanent Alteration of a Child's Body? |trans-title= |language= |journal=Am J Bioeth |location= |date=2003-03 |volume=3 |issue=2 |article= |page= |pages=W6 |url=https[http://www.tandfonlinecirp.comorg/doi/abs/10.1162/152651603766436342 |archived= |quote= |pubmedID=14635628 |pubmedCID= |DOI=10Circumcision Information and Resources Pages] in 1996 to take advantage of the newly-available Internet.1162/152651603766436342 |accessdate=2021-10-14}}</ref>

Thomas et al. Ross Povenmire (20041998) studied questioned the incidence authority of HIV in parents to grant consent for non-therapeutic circumcision and intact men of children.<ref name="povenmire1998">{{REFjournal |last=Povenmire |init=R |author-link= |last2= |init2= |author2-link= |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/legal/povenmire/ |title=Do Parents Have the Legal Authority to Consent to the Surgical Amputation of Normal, Healthy Tissue From Their Infant Children?: The Practice of Circumcision in a the United States Navy population |journal=Journal of Gender, Social Policy & the Law |date=1998 |volume=7 |issue= |page=87 |accessdate=2021-10-14}}</ref> [[Christopher Fletcher]], M.D. A slightly higher incidence , (1998) conducted a survey of HIV infection was found doctors in circumcised men (84the United States who perform non-therapeutic circumcision of boys.9%) as compared with intact men (81.8%)Dr. The authors Fletcher concludedhis report in part:<blockquote>Although there may be other This study reveals that, across the country, American specialties that perform circumcisions are ignorant of the medical or cultural reasons for facts regarding the penile foreskin and in conjunction with hospitals and misinformed patients, attempt to justify and rationalise newborn male circumcision. In many cases, it despite personal beliefs that circumcision is not associated with HIV or STI prevention more harmful than beneficial, some physicians are unwilling to give up their participation in this U.S. military populationalmost uniquely American custom which many of them have personally experienced as infants.<ref name="thomas2004"fletcher1998!>Thomas AG, Bakhireva LN, Brodine SK, Shaffer RA{{REFbook |last=Fletcher |first=Christopher R. [http |init=CR |url=https://wwwlink.cirpspringer.orgcom/librarychapter/disease10.1007/HIV978-0-585-39937-9_19 |chapter=[https:/thomas1/ Prevalence of male circumcision and its association with HIV and sexually transmitted infections in a Ulink.Sspringer. Navy populationcom/chapter/10.1007/978-0-585-39937-9_19 Circumcision in America in 1998: Attitudes, Beliefs and Charges of American Physicians] |publisher=Kluwer/Plenum |title=Male and Female Circumcision |pages=259-71 |editors=George C. Abstract no. TuPeC4861. Presented at the XV International AIDS ConferenceDenniston, BangkokFrederick Mansfield Hodges, Thailand, July 11Marilyn Fayre Milos |year=1998 |accessdate=2021-10-16, 2004.21}}</ref>

[[Saving Our Sons Rhinehart (SoS1999)]], an [[intactivist]] organization, commenced operations online in 2007. [[Dr. Momma was a practicing psychiatrist who described his patients later- peaceful parenting]], an life problems stemming from the psychic [[intactivisttrauma]] organization, started in 2007. of their neonatal [[Doctors Opposing Circumcision (D.O.C.)circumcision]] included this commentary on the law of circumcision of boys in their June 2008 Genital Integrity Statement. It has since been later amended by another party to include a reference to Adler (2013) that was not available at the time of writing.<refname="rhinehart1999">{{REFbookREFjournal |last=HillRhinehart |first=GeorgeJohn W. |init=JW |author-link=George Hill |yearetal=2008no |title=Ch. 10: American Law and the Neonatal Circumcision of Children Reconsidered |urljournal=https://www.i2researchhub.org/articles/ch-10-american-law-and-the-circumcision-of-children-doc-genital-integrity-statement/Transactional Analysis Journal |worklocation=Genital Integrity Policy |editor= |editiondate=1999-07 |volume=29 |chapterissue=3 |pages= |location=Seattle |publisher=Doctors Opposing Circumcision |isbn= |quote= |accessdate=2021-10215-11 |note=}}</ref> Doctors Opposing Circumcision issued a Genital Integrity Policy in June 2008.<ref name-"doc2008">{{REFdocument |title=Genital Integrity Policy21 |url=httpshttp://www.i2researchhubcirp.org/wp-contentlibrary/uploadspsych/2015rhinehart1/05/GenitalIntegrityStatement.pdf |contributionquote= |lastpubmedID=Hill |firstpubmedCID=George |author-linkDOI=George Hill |publisher=Doctors Opposing Circumcision |format=PDF |date=2008-0610. |accessdate=2021-10-1114

[[Dan Bollinger|Bollinger]] (2010) estimated approximately 117 neonatal ===Early twenty-first century=======First Quarter====The twenty-first century has been characterized by greater opposition to non-therapeutic circumcision-related deaths occur annually of boys in the United Statesgeneral population, the utter failure of the circumcision industry's vaunted new circumcision policy, and much more attention to legal and ethical issues relating to non-therapeutic circumcision of boys.<ref name="bollinger2010">{{BollingerD 2010}}</ref>

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Giannetti (CDC2000) reported an incidence argued that scientific misconduct in the [[American Academy of newborn Pediatrics]] circumcision of 58.3 percent in 2010policy statements should expose the AAP to trade association liability.<ref name="cdc2015gianetti2000">{{REFwebREFjournal |last=Giannetti |first=Matthew |init=M |urlauthor-link=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hestat/circumcision_2013/circumcision_2013.htm |title=Trends in Circumcision for Male Newborns and the American Academy of Pediatrics: Should Scientific Misconduct Result in U.S. Hospitals: 1979–2010Trade Association Liability |journal=Iowa Law Rev |date=2000 |volume=85 |publisherissue=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention4 |websitepages=cdc.gov1507-68 |dateurl=2015https://www.doctorsopposingcircumcision.org/wp-11content/uploads/2018/01/Gianetti-06AAP-Misconduct-Trade-Assn-Iowa-Law-Rev-2000.pdf |accessdate=20212020-1005-1609

Professor [[Peter WJ. AdlerSteven Svoboda|Svoboda]], J[[Robert S. DVan Howe|Van Howe]] & [[James G., Dwyer|Dwyer]] (20112000) argued that it is unlawful for United States Medicaid to pay discussed legal issues inherent with consent for non-therapeutic circumcisionof boys.<ref name="adler2011svoboda2000" />{{REFjournal |last=Svoboda |first=J. Steven |init=JS |author-link=J. Steven Svoboda |last2=Van HoweThe AAP, lead by the [[AAP Circumcision Task Force 2012]], finally published the [[American_Academy_of_Pediatrics#Fifth_policy_ |first2=Robert S. |init2=RS |author2-link=Robert S.282012Van Howe |last3=Dwyer |first3=James G.29 |init3=JG |author3-link=James G. Dwyer |etal=no |title=Informed Consent for Neonatal Circumcision: An Ethical and Legal Conundrum |journal=J Contemporary Health Law Policy |location= |date=2000-09 |volume=17 | fifth circumcision policy statement]] in the September 2012 issue of ''Pediatrics''=1 |pages=61-133 |url=https://scholarship.law.edu/cgi/viewcontent. The [[American_Academy_of_Pediatrics#Criticismcgi?article=1255&context=jchlp |pubmedID=11216345 |pubmedCID= |DOI= | adverse criticism]] was overwhelming.accessdate=2021-10-11}}</ref>

[[Dan Bollinger|BollingerJ. Steven Svoboda]] (20122001) estimated that discussed the total cost limits of non-therapeutic male circumcision, including hospital costs, repair of botched circumcisions, treatment of complications, and so on is more than $3 billion per year,the law.<ref name="bollinger2012svoboda2001">{{REFwebREFbook |urllast=https://www.academia.edu/6442587/High_Cost_of_Circumcision_3.6_Billion_AnnuallySvoboda |titlefirst=High Cost of Circumcision: $3J.6 Billion AnnuallySteven |last=Bollinger |firstinit=DanJS |author-link=Dan BollingerJ. Steven Svoboda |publisheryear=Academia2001 |datetitle=2012Limits of the law: Comparative analysis of legal and extralegal methods. |accessdateurl=2020https://www.arclaw.org/wp-11content/uploads/Limits-25}}</ref> of which -the beneficiary is the American circumcision industry. Professor [[Peter W. Adler]], {{JD}}, (2013) argued that non-therapeutic circumcision Law-Comparative-Analysis-of boys is unlawful-Legal-and-Extralegal-Methods.<ref name="adler2013">{{REFjournalpdf |lastwork=AdlerUnderstanding Circumcision: A Multi-Disciplinary Approach to a Multi-Dimensional Problem |firsteditor=Peter W[[George C. Denniston]], [[Frederick M.Hodges]], and [[Marilyn Fayre Milos]] |init=PW |author-linkedition=Peter W. Adler |titlevolume=Is circumcision legal? |journalchapter=Richmond Journal of Law and the Public Interest |datepages=2013297-365 |volumelocation=16 |issuepublisher=3Springer |pagesisbn=439978-861-4419-3375-1. |url=https://scholarship.richmond.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1265&contextquote=jolpi |accessdate=20202021-0510-0811 |note=

[[Robert SGeoffrey P. Van Howe|Van Howe]] & [[J. Steven Svoboda|SvobodaMiller]] (20132002) criticized discussed the 2012 AAP statement because it failed to include important points, in accurately analyzed and interpret current medical literature, and made unsupported conclusionsimpact of American culture on the law of circumcision.<ref name="vanhowe2013miller2002">{{REFjournal |last=Van HoweMiller |first=Robert SGeoffrey P. |init=RSGP |author-link=Robert S. Van Howe |last2title=SvobodaCircumcision: Cultural-Legal Analysis |first2journal=JVirginia Journal of Social Policy & the Law. Steven |init2date=JS2002-3 |author2-linkvolume=J. Steven Svoboda9 |dateissue=2013-07-01 |titlepages=Out of step: fatal flaws in the latest AAP policy report on neonatal circumcision497-585 |url=httpshttp://jmewww.bmjcirp.comorg/contentlibrary/39legal/7miller1/434 |journal=Journal of Medical Ethics |language=en |volume=39 |issueaccessdate=7 |pages=4342020-441 |DOI=10.1136/medethics07-2013-101346 |issn=0306-6800 |pubmedID=2350820829

[[Jen WilliamsGeorge Hill]] organized [[Your Whole Baby]] in 2014. [[J. Steven Svoboda]] argued against non-therapeutic circumcision.<ref name="svoboda2017">{{REFjournal |date=2017-08-01 |title=Nontherapeutic Circumcision of Minors as an Ethically Problematic Form of Iatrogenic Injury |journal=AMA Journal of Ethics |language=en |volume=19 |issue=8 |pages=815-824 |DOI=10.1001/journalofethics.2017.19.8.msoc2-1708 |pubmedID=28846521 |issn=2376-6980 |last1=Svoboda |first1=J.S.}}</ref> He stated that this decision should be considered in (2003) questioned the context authority of benefit vs risk of harm, rather than simply risk-benefit due anyone to grant consent for the non-therapeutic nature alteration of the procedure.<ref name="svoboda2017"/> He states that benefits do not outweigh the risks, and also claims that foreskin removal should be considered a sexual harm.<ref name="svoboda2017"/> He also went on to conclude that non-therapeutic circumcision largely violates the physician's duty to respect a patientchild's autonomy since many procedures take place before a patient is able to freely give consent himselfbody.<ref name="svoboda2017"/> Reis-Dennis & Reis (2017) asked if physicians should be blamed for harm resulting from unnecessary genital surgeries, including infant circumcision.<ref name="reis-dennis2017hill2010">{{REFjournal |last=Reis-DennisHill |first=George

|author-link= |last2=Reis |first2= |init2= |author2-link=George Hill

|title=Are Physicians Blameworthy for Iatrogenic Harm Resulting from Unnecessary Genital SurgeriesCan Anyone Authorize the Nontherapeutic Permanent Alteration of a Child's Body?

|journal=AMA Journal of EthicsAm J Bioeth

|date=20172003-03 |volume=193 |issue=82

|page= |pages=825-833W6 |url= |archived= |quote=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1162/152651603766436342 |pubmedID=2884652214635628

|DOI=10.10011162/journalofethics.2017.19.8.msoc3-1708152651603766436342

The ill-fated 2012 AAP [[Petrina Fadel]] founded [[Catholics Against Circumcision Policy Statement expired on August 31, 2017 because it was not reaffirmed]].

Thomas et al. (2004) studied the incidence of [[HIV]] in circumcision and intact men in a United States Navy population. A slightly higher incidence of [[Dan Bollinger|BollingerHIV]] infection was found in circumcised men (84.9%) as compared with intact men (201981.8%) discussed . The authors concluded:<blockquote>Although there may be other medical or cultural reasons for male circumcision as an adverse childhood experience,it is not associated with [[HIV]] or STI prevention in this U.S. military population.<ref name-="bollinger2019thomas2004">{{REFdocument |title=Child genital cutting as an adverse childhood experience |url=Thomas AG, Bakhireva LN, Brodine SK, Shaffer RA. [http://adversechildhoodexperienceswww.cirp.netorg/library/disease/HIV/thomas1/CGC_as_an_ACEPrevalence of male circumcision and its association with [[HIV]] and sexually transmitted infections in a U.S. Navy population].pdf |last=Bollinger |first=Dan |authorAbstract no. TuPeC4861. Presented at the XV International [[AIDS]] Conference, Bangkok, Thailand, July 11-link=Dan Bollinger16, 2004.</ref> |last2=Chapin</blockquote> |first2=Georganne |author2-link=Georganne Chapin[[Saving Our Sons (SoS)]], an [[intactivist]] organization, commenced operations online in 2007. |publisher=Intact America |location=Tarrytown |format=PDF |date=2019[[Dr. Momma -08 |accessdate=2021-04-02}}</ref>peaceful parenting]], an [[intactivist]] organization, started in 2007.

[[Peter WDoctors Opposing Circumcision (D.O.C.)]] included this commentary on the law of circumcision of boys in their June 2008 Genital Integrity Statement. It has since been later amended by another party to include a reference to Adler(2013) that was not available at the time of writing.<ref>{{REFbook |last=Hill |Adlerfirst=George |init=G |author-link=George Hill |year=2008 |title=Ch. 10: American Law and the Circumcision of Children |url= |work=Genital Integrity Policy |editor= |edition= |volume= |chapter= |pages= |location=Seattle |publisher=[[Doctors Opposing Circumcision (D.O.C.)]], |isbn= |quote= |accessdate=2021-10-11 |note=}}</ref> [[Robert SDoctors Opposing Circumcision (D.O.C. Van Howe|Van Howe)]], Wisdom & Daase (2020) examined male non-therapeutic circumcision as fraudissued a Genital Integrity Policy in June 2008.<ref name=-"adler2020doc2008">{{REFjournalREFdocument |title=Genital Integrity Policy |url= |lastcontribution=Adler |firstlast=Peter W.Hill |initfirst=PWGeorge |author-link=Peter W. AdlerGeorge Hill |last2publisher=Van Howe[[Doctors Opposing Circumcision (D.O.C.)]] |first2format=Robert S.PDF |init2date=RS2008-06 |author2accessdate=2021-10-link=11}}</ref> [[Georganne Chapin]] founded [[Intact America]] in 2008 with the aid of a grant from Texas philanthropist Dean Pisani. [[Robert S. Van Howe|Van Howe]] & Svoboda (2008) said of the American practice of medically-unnecessary, non-therapeutic infant circumcision:<blockquote>Once all factors are revealed, itis impossible to consider circumcision a minor issue,but rather circumcision comes to symbolize one of thegreatest ongoing systemic ethical violations for whichmodern medicine has been responsible.<ref name="vanhowe2008">{{REFjournal |last3last=WisdomVan Howe |first3first=TravisRobert S. |init3init=TRS |author3author-link=Robert S. Van Howe |last4last2=DaaseSvoboda |first4first2=FelixJ. Steven |init4init2=FJS |author4author2-link=Felix DaaseJ. Steven Svoboda |etal=no |title=Is circumcision a fraud?Neonatal pain relief and the Helsinki Declaration |journal=Cornell Journal of Law , Medicine, and Public PolicyEthics

|date=20202008-1112 |volume=3036 |issue=14 |article= |pages=45803-10723 |url=https://www.lawschool.cornellacademia.edu/researchdownload/JLPP33981944/upload/Adler-et-al-final27_Van_Howe.pdf |archived= |quote= |pubmedID=19094008

|DOI=10.1111/j.1748-720X.2008.00339.x |accessdate=2021-10-31}}</ref></blockquote> The British journal, ''The Lancet'', published reports of two randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that were carried out in sub-Saharan Africa which purported to prove that male circumcision was protective against infection with [[HIV]]. The American Academy of Pediatrics consulted with the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists ([[ACOG]]) and the American College of Family Physicians ([[AAFP]]) (those being the medical trade associations that represent the specialties that perform most non-therapeutic infant circumcisions and make most of the money from the performance of the non-therapeutic [[amputation]]). The three associations determined to make common cause to produce a position statement that would promote male circumcision based on its alleged protection against [[HIV]] infection. The AAP was to take the lead, but ACOG and AAFP provided representatives to the new [[AAP Circumcision Task Force 2012| AAP task force]], of which New York Jewess [[Susan Blank]], {{MD}}, {{MPH}}, was the chairwoman. This new task force did not publish a statement until 2012. The AAP declined to re-affirm the statement so it expired in August 2017. [[Dan Bollinger|Bollinger]] (2010) estimated approximately 117 neonatal circumcision-related deaths occur annually in the United States.<ref name="bollinger2010">{{BollingerD 2010}}</ref> [[Anthony Losquadro]] formed [[Intaction]], an [[intactivist]] organization in 2010.

Adler & Daase The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2020[[CDC]]) reviewed the American debate on non-therapeutic child reported an incidence of newborn circumcision for a French-speaking audienceof 58.3 percent in 2010.<ref name="adlerB2020cdc2015">{{REFjournalREFweb |lasturl=Adler |first=Peter Whttps://www.cdc. |init=PW |author-link=Peter Wgov/nchs/data/hestat/circumcision_2013/circumcision_2013. Adler |last2=Daase |first2=Felix |init2=F |author2-link=Felix Daase |etal=nohtm |title=Actualié du débat sur la circoncision aux États-UnisTrends in Circumcision for Male Newborns in U.S. Hospitals: Is the Circumcision Debate Over?1979–2010 |journalpublisher=Droit et CulturesCenters for Disease Control and Prevention |locationwebsite=cdc.gov |date=2020 |volume=79 |issue=1 |pages=2072015-11-222 |url=https://journals.openedition.org/droitcultures/6276?lang=en06 |accessdate=2021-0610-1916

Professor [[Ronald GoldmanPeter W. Adler]] led a group of Massachusetts taxpayers who filed a suit against [https://www, J.massD.gov/topics/masshealth MassHealth] , (Massachusetts Medicaid2011), which argued that it is unlawfully paying unlawful for United States Medicaid to pay for non-therapeutic circumcisions with public fundscircumcision.<ref>{{REFweb |urlname=https://circumcision.org/taxpayers-sue-massachusetts-medicaid-about-circumcisions"adler2011" /> |title=Taxpayers Sue Massachusetts Medicaid About Circumcisions |first=Ronald |last=Goldman |author-link=Ronald Goldman |publisher=[[Circumcision Resource CenterBrother K]] formed the [[Bloodstained Men]] |date=2020-07-22 |accessdate=2021-10-13}}</ref>in 2012.

Navia et alThe AAP, lead by the [[AAP Circumcision Task Force 2012]], finally published the [[American_Academy_of_Pediatrics#Fifth_policy_. 282012.29| fifth circumcision policy statement]] in the September 2012 issue of ''Pediatrics''. The [[American_Academy_of_Pediatrics#Criticism| adverse criticism]] was overwhelming. [[Dan Bollinger|Bollinger]] (20202012) surveyed estimated that the incidence total cost of non-therapeutic neonatal male circumcision in four states. The incidence , including hospital costs, repair of botched circumcisions, treatment of circumcision in 2016 was found to have declined to 54.5 percentcomplications, which translates to an increase in genital integrity and wholeness rate to 45.5 percent.so on is more than $3 billion per year,<refname="bollinger2012">{{REFjournalREFweb |url=https://www.academia.edu/6442587/High_Cost_of_Circumcision_3.6_Billion_Annually |lasttitle=NaviaHigh Cost of Circumcision: $3.6 Billion Annually |firstlast=Mateo ZambranoBollinger |initfirst=Dan |author-link=Dan Bollinger |last2publisher=JacobsonAcademia |first2date=Deborah L.2012 |init2accessdate=2020-11-25}}</ref> of which the beneficiary is the American circumcision industry. [[Doctors Opposing Circumcision (D.O.C.)]] (2013) provided evidence that the purpose of the 2012 AAP Circumcision Policy Statement was to get more money for doctors,<ref name="doc2013">{{REFdocument |author2-linktitle=Commentary on American Academy of Pediatrics 2012 Circumcision Policy Statemeni |last3url=Balmerthttps://www.doctorsopposingcircumcision.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/commentary-on-american-academy-of-pediatrics-2012-circumcision-policy-statement.pdf |first3contribution=Lauren C. |init3last= |author3-linkfirst= |last4publisher=Rosoklija[[Doctors Opposing Circumcision (D.O.C.)]] |first4format=IlinaPDF |init4date=2013-04-01 |author4accessdate=2021-10-21}}</ref> Professor [[Peter W. Adler]], {{JD}}, (2013) argued that non-linktherapeutic circumcision of boys is unlawful.<ref name="adler2013">{{REFjournal |last5last=HollAdler |first5first=Jane LPeter W. |init5init=PW |author5author-link=Peter W. Adler |last6title=DavisIs circumcision legal? |first6journal=Matthew M.Richmond Journal of Law and the Public Interest |init6date=2013 |author6-linkvolume=16 |last7issue=Johnson3 |first7pages=Emilie K439-86 |init7url=https://scholarship.richmond.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1265&context=jolpi |author7accessdate=2020-link=05-08}}</ref>  [[Robert S. Van Howe|etal=no Van Howe]] & [[J. Steven Svoboda|titleSvoboda]] (2013) criticized the 2012 AAP statement because it failed to include important points, inaccurately analyzed and interpreted current medical literature, and made unsupported conclusions.<ref name=State-Level Public Insurance Coverage and Neonatal Circumcision Rates"vanhowe2013">{{REFjournal |trans-titlelast=Van Howe |languagefirst=Robert S. |journalinit=PediatricsRS |locationauthor-link=Robert S. Van Howe |datelast2=2020-11Svoboda |volumefirst2=146J. Steven |issueinit2=5JS |articleauthor2-link=J. Steven Svoboda |pagedate=e202014752013-07-01 |pagestitle=Out of step: fatal flaws in the latest AAP policy report on neonatal circumcision |url=https://pediatricsjme.aappublicationsbmj.orgcom/content/14639/57/e20201475434 |journal=Journal of Medical Ethics |archivedlanguage=en |quotevolume=39 |pubmedIDissue=330552267 |pubmedCIDpages=434-41 |DOI=10.15421136/peds.2020medethics-2013-1475101346 |accessdateissn=20210306-10-136800 |pubmedID=23508208

[[Jen Williams]] organized [[Your Whole Baby]] in 2014. The Lavine family infamous [[Nebus v. Hironimus]] Florida [[circumcision]] case culminated after five years of New Jersey has brought litigation with Florida Family Court Judge [[Jeffrey Dana Gillen]] arrested the mother, [[Heather Hironimus]], and forced her to sign a lawsuit against a New Jersey practitioner and the consent for harmful, [[American Academy of Pediatricspain| painful]] that alleges fraudcircumcision in open court while handcuffed.<br><refbr>{{REFweb |url=https:<b>Heather Hironimus signs consent form for circumcision of 4 and 1/2 year old son under extreme duress</www.circumcisionisafraud.com/docket-mer-l-000272-21b> |title=Circumcision is a Fraud |last= |first= |accessdate=2021-10-13}}<youtube>Btxl4UGBdpc</refyoutube>

A study by [[Intact America]] Doctors Opposing Circumcision (2020D.O.C.) reveals how hospitals pressure mothers into granting consent for unneeded and unwanted injurious non-therapeutic [[circumcision]] of commissioned a newborn boy.<ref>{{REFweb |url=[https://www,doctorsopposingcircumcision.prweb.com/printer/17552844.htm |archived= |title=Having a Baby Boy? Intact America Warns, ‘Get Ready for the Circumcision Sellers! |trans-title= |language= |last=Chapin |first=Georganne |author-link=Georganne Chapin |publisher=Intact America |org new website=prweb |date=2020-11-18 |accessdate=2021-10-13 |format= |quote=}}</ref> Infant circumcision is a profit center for many American hospitals so parents are pushed to circumcise] in 2016.

Jacobson et al[[J. (2021) collected Steven Svoboda]] argued against non-therapeutic circumcision statistics from the Kids' Inpatient Database from 2002 to 2016. They reported that the incidence of circumcision had <ref name="neonatal circumcision rates decreased significantly over timesvoboda2017" with 55 percent being circumcised, which translates to a genital integrity (intact) rate >{{REFjournal |date=2017-08-01 |title=Nontherapeutic Circumcision of Minors as an Ethically Problematic Form of Iatrogenic Injury |journal=AMA Journal of 45 percentEthics |language=en |volume=19 |issue=8 |pages=815-24 |DOI=10.1001/journalofethics.2017.19.8.msoc2-1708 |pubmedID=28846521 |issn=2376-6980 |last1=Svoboda |first1=J.S. The previous intact rate for the nation had been reported to }}</ref> He stated that this decision should be 41.7 percent considered in 2010the context of benefit vs risk of harm, so this represents an improvement rather than simply risk-benefit due to the non-therapeutic nature of 7the procedure.9 percent in <ref name="svoboda2017"/> He states that benefits do not outweigh the number of intact boysrisks, and also claims that foreskin removal should be considered a sexual harm. The incidence of <ref name="svoboda2017"/> He also went on to conclude that non-therapeutic circumcision for largely violates the entire United States had declined physician's duty to 52respect a patient's autonomy since many procedures take place before a patient is able to freely give consent himself.1 percent at the end of the study period <ref name="svoboda2017"/> Reis-Dennis & Reis (20162017)asked if physicians should be blamed for harm resulting from unnecessary genital surgeries, which indicates that 47.9 percent of boys born in that year are intactincluding infant circumcision.<ref name="jacobson2021reis-dennis2017">{{REFjournal |last=JacobsonReis-Dennis |first=Deborah L.

|last2=BalmertReis |first2=Lauren C.

|last3=Holl |first3=Jane L. |init3= |author3-link= |last4=Rosoklija |first4=Ilina |init4= |author4-link= |last5=Davis |first5=Matthew M. |init5= |author5-link= |last6=Johnson |first6Emilie K. |init6= |author6-link= |etal=no |title=Nationwide Circumcision Trends: 2003 to 2016 Are Physicians Blameworthy for Iatrogenic Harm Resulting from Unnecessary Genital Surgeries? |trans-title= |language= |journal=J UrolAMA Journal of Ethics

|date=2021-012017 |volume=20519 |issue=18

|page= |pages=257825-6333 |url=https://www.auajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1097/JU.0000000000001316 |archived= |quote= |pubmedID=3271667628846522

|DOI=10.10971001/JUjournalofethics.00000000000013162017.19.8.msoc3-1708 |accessdate=2021-10-1514}}</ref> The ill-fated, embarrassing 2012 [[AAP]] Circumcision Policy Statement expired on August 31, 2017 in accordance with AAP policy, because it was not reaffirmed. The AAP has had ''no'' official circumcision policy since that time.  [[Doctors Opposing Circumcision]] released a special report on circumcision for the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services.<ref name="doc2019">{{REFdocument |title=Male Circumcision: A special report to the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services |url=https://pool.intactiwiki.org/w/images/Male_Circumcision_DOC_2019-02-01.pdf |contribution= |last=Anonymous |first= |publisher=Doctors Opposing Circumcision |format=PDF |date=2019-02-01 |accessdate=2025-12-08

[[Dan Bollinger|Bollinger]] (2019) discussed circumcision as an adverse childhood experience,<ref name-"bollinger2019">{{REFdocument |title=Child genital cutting as an adverse childhood experience |url=http://adversechildhoodexperiences.net/CGC_as_an_ACE.pdf |last=Bollinger |first=Dan |author-link=Dan Bollinger |last2=Chapin |first2=Georganne |author2-link=Georganne Chapin |publisher=Intact America |location=Tarrytown |format=PDF |date=2019-08 |accessdate=2021-04-02}}</ref> [[Peter W. Adler|Adler]], [[Robert S. Van Howe|Van Howe]], Wisdom & Daase (2020) examined male non-therapeutic circumcision as fraud.<ref name="adler2020">{{REFjournal |last=Adler |first=Peter W. |init=PW |author-link=Peter W. Adler |last2=Van Howe |first2=Robert S. |init2=RS |author2-link=Robert S. Van Howe |last3=Wisdom |first3=Travis |init3=T |author3-link= |last4=Daase |first4=Felix |init4=F |author4-link=Felix Daase |etal=no |title=Is circumcision a fraud? |journal=Cornell Journal of Law and Public Policy |location= |date=2020-11 |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=45-107 |url=https://www.lawschool.cornell.edu/research/JLPP/upload/Adler-et-al-final.pdf}}</ref> Adler & Daase (2020) reviewed the American debate on non-therapeutic child circumcision for a French-speaking audience.<ref name="adlerB2020>{{REFjournal |last=Adler |first=Peter W. |init=PW |author-link=Peter W. Adler |last2=Daase |first2=Felix |init2=F |author2-link=Felix Daase |etal=no |title=Actualié du débat sur la circoncision aux États-Unis: Is the Circumcision Debate Over? |journal=Droit et Cultures |location= |date=2020 |volume=79 |issue=1 |pages=207-22 |url=https://journals.openedition.org/droitcultures/6276?lang=en |accessdate=2021-06-19}}</ref> [[Ronald Goldman]] led a group of Massachusetts taxpayers who filed a suit against [https://www.mass.gov/topics/masshealth MassHealth] (Massachusetts Medicaid), which is unlawfully paying for non-therapeutic circumcisions with public funds.<ref>{{REFweb |url=https://circumcision.org/taxpayers-sue-massachusetts-medicaid-about-circumcisions/ |title=Taxpayers Sue Massachusetts Medicaid About Circumcisions |first=Ronald |last=Goldman |author-link=Ronald Goldman |publisher=[[Circumcision Resource Center]] |date=2020-07-22 |accessdate=2021-10-13}}</ref> Navia et al. (2020) surveyed the incidence of non-therapeutic neonatal circumcision in four states. The incidence of circumcision in 2016 was found to have declined to 54.5 percent, which translates to an increase in [[genital integrity]] and wholeness rate to 45.5 percent.<ref>{{REFjournal |last=Navia |first=Mateo Zambrano |init= |author-link= |last2=Jacobson |first2=Deborah L. |init2= |author2-link= |last3=Balmert |first3=Lauren C. |init3= |author3-link= |last4=Rosoklija |first4=Ilina |init4= |author4-link= |last5=Holl |first5=Jane L. |init5= |author5-link= |last6=Davis |first6=Matthew M. |init6= |author6-link= |last7=Johnson |first7=Emilie K |init7= |author7-link= |etal=no |title=State-Level Public Insurance Coverage and Neonatal Circumcision Rates |trans-title= |language= |journal=Pediatrics |location= |date=2020-11 |volume=146 |issue=5 |article= |page=e20201475 |url=https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/146/5/e20201475 |pubmedID=33055226 |pubmedCID= |DOI=10.1542/peds.2020-1475 |accessdate=2021-10-13}}</ref> The Lavine family of New Jersey has brought a lawsuit against a New Jersey practitioner and the [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] that alleges fraud.<ref>{{REFweb |url=https://www.circumcisionisafraud.com/docket-mer-l-000272-21 |title=Circumcision is a Fraud |last= |first= |accessdate=2021-10-13}}</ref> A study by [[Intact America]] (2020) reveals how hospitals pressure mothers into granting consent for unneeded and unwanted injurious non-therapeutic [[circumcision]] of a newborn boy.<ref>{{REFweb |url=https://www.prweb.com/printer/17552844.htm |title=Having a Baby Boy? Intact America Warns, ‘Get Ready for the Circumcision Sellers! |last=Chapin |first=Georganne |author-link=Georganne Chapin |publisher=Intact America |website=prweb |date=2020-11-18 |accessdate=2021-10-13 |format= |quote=}}</ref> Infant circumcision is a profit center for many American hospitals so parents are pushed to circumcise. [[Intact America]] (2024) called child circumcision "an outdated practice in desperate need of reevaluation",<ref name="alissa2024-12-16">{{REFweb |url=https://intactamerica.org/circumcision-reevaluation/ |title=Circumcision: An Outdated Practice in Desperate Need of Re-Evaluation |last=Alissa |first=Kristel |init= |author-link= |publisher=Intact America |date=2024-12-16 |accessdate=2024-12-23}}</ref> and exposed the propaganda that has promoted the harmful but profitable practice of child circumcision.<ref>{{REFweb |url=https://intactamerica.org/exposing-circumcision-propaganda/ |title=The Unkindest Cut: Exposing the Propaganda That Normalized Circumcision—and How We Reclaim the Truth |last=Alissa |first=Kristel |init= |author-link= |publisher=Intact America |date=2024-11-19 |accessdate=2024-12-23}}</ref> [[Intact America]] (2024) reports a rapid increase in the percentage of Americans who oppose the harmful [[circumcision]] of boys.<ref>{{REFweb |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DKVZQGTRl77/?igsh=MWV1aW90MzBpd2dzdA%3D%3D |title=Opposition to circumcision overtime. |last=Anonymous |first= |init= |author-link= |publisher=Intact America |date=2024 |accessdate=2025-06-01}}</ref> ====Second quarter====[[PEPFAR]] (2025) has scrapped its ineffective and harmful "voluntary male medical circumcision" ([[VMMC]]) program after 15 years and at least 27,000,000 harmful and useless [[foreskin]] amputations.<ref name="gwarisa2025">{{REFnews |title=New PEPFAR Waiver Scraps Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision Program |url=https://healthtimes.co.zw/2025/02/07/new-pepfar-waiver-scraps-voluntary-medical-male-circumcision-program/ |last=Gwarisa |first=Michael |init= |author-link= |publisher=Healthtimes |website= |date=2025-02-07 |accessdate=2025-02-15 |format= |quote=}}</ref> Numerous studies have demonstrated that [[adult circumcision]] is not effective in preventing [[HIV]] [[infection]]. Child [[circumcision]] had previously been discontinued. President Donald J. Trump appointment of [[Robert Francis Kennedy, Jr.]] to be Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services was approved by the United States Senate was ratified by the United States Senate on 13 February 2025. Kennedy wants to reform healthcare in the United States. [[Eric Clopper]] has organized [[Intact Global]] in 2024, which has the goal of litigating in numerous states to ensure that boys will enjoy "the equal protection of the law". Intact Global instituted a suit against the state of Oregon in March 2025. Data Panda has reported the incidence of non-therapeutic circumcision by state on 24 May 2025. The incidence ranged from a low of 10 percent in Washington to a high of 91 percent in West Virginia.<ref>{{REFweb |url=https://www.datapandas.org/ranking/circumcision-rate-by-state |title=Circumcision Rate by State |last=Anonymous |first= |init= |author-link= |publisher=Data Panda |date=2025-05-24 |accessdate=2025-09-19}}</ref> [[Jake Tran]] has produced a [[This should be a crime| video]] about the practice of child [[circumcision]] in the United States. In a milestone for [[intactivism]], Microsoft Network (MSN) reported that the incidence of child circumcision in the United States has declined below 50 percent, which makes non-circumcision or [[genital integrity]] the new <b>NORM</b> in the United States among newborn boys.<ref name="msn2025">{{REFnews |title=Less Than Half of U.S. Boys Now Circumcised |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/health/other/less-than-half-of-us-boys-now-circumcised/ar-AA1MBjzN |last=Anonymous |publisher=Microsoft Network |website= |date=2025-09-17 |accessdate=2025-09-29 |quote=From 2012 to 2022, the prevalence of circumcision during hospitalization of male neonates age 0 to 28 days decreased significantly by nearly 5 percentage points, from 54.1% to 49.3%,}}</ref> ==Government financial support for non-therapeutic circumcision==The United States government provides [[financial incentive]] for medically-unnecessary, non-therapeutic [[circumcision]] by [[third-party payment]] through numerous government health insurance programs: * [https://www.medicaid.gov/ Medicaid] — About 45 percent of births are under Medicaid.* [https://www.healthcare.gov/medicaid-chip/childrens-health-insurance-program/ Child Health Insurance Program (CHIP)] — Covers children whose family income is higher.* [https://www.ihs.gov/ Indian Health Service] — Covers the indigenous population.* [https://www.tricare.mil/ Tricare] — Covers military dependents.* [https://www.benefits.gov/benefit/4440 Federal Employees Health Benefits (FEHB) Program] — Covers federal employees and families. * [https://www.medicare.gov/ Medicare] − Covers persons who have reached 65 years of age. ==The second term of President Donald J. Trump==The second term of President Donald J. Trump commenced on 21 January 2025. President Trump has promised far-reaching reforms of the executive branch of the government of the United States. It is not clear at this time (9 February 2025) how this will affect the practice of male [[circumcision]] in the United States. We note that the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief ([[PEPFAR]]) has been paused. The performance of ineffective [[genital mutilation]] (male circumcision) on African males may have stopped.<ref>{{REFnews |title=Trump's Foreign Aid Freeze |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/trump-rubio-pepfar-prep-usaid_n_67a65f98e4b0682fe26ceb1f |last=Cohn |first=Jonathan |init= |author-link= |last2= |init2= |author2-link= |publisher=Huffpost |website= |date=2025-02-07 |season= |accessdate=2025-02-09 |format= |quote=}}</ref> == Statistical data ==The National Center for Health Statistics (2013) reported that the incidence of child [[circumcision]] has been declining for thirty years.<ref>{{REFweb |url=https://blogs.cdc.gov/nchs/2013/08/22/1667/ |title=Male Newborn Circumcision on a Three Decade Decline |last= |first= |init= |author-link= |publisher=National Center for Health Statistics |date=2013-08-22 |accessdate=2025-01-19}}</ref>=== Prevalence of circumcision ==='''Prevalence of circumcision''' is the percentage of all males of all ages in the population who have been [[circumcised]]. [[Intact America]] carried out a survey in 2022 that claims that 73 percent of all American men were [[circumcised]],<ref>{{REFweb |url=https://www.intactamerica.org/newsroom-gender-equality/ |title=Intact Facts |last= |first= |init= |publisher=Intact America |date=2022 |accessdate=2023-03-29}}</ref> however no documentation has been provided so it is not clear in what region it was carried out or what age groups were surveyed. The prevalence of [[circumcision]] varies by age, region, race, and religion. On another webpage, [[Intact America]] claims 78 percent are circumcised so Intact America is uncertain of its claims. Peter Moore (2015) reported that 62 percent of all American males reported being [[circumcised]],<ref name="moore2015">{{REFweb |url=https://today.yougov.com/topics/lifestyle/articles-reports/2015/02/03/younger-americans-circumcision |title=Young Americans less supportive of circumcision at birth |last=Moore |first=Peter |date=2015-02-03 |accessdate=2022-02-07}}</ref> which increases the prevalence of [[intact]] [[foreskin]] to 38 percent of living American males of all ages. This percentage is expected to gradually but constantly decline, while the percentage of males who are [[intact]] due to the declining incidence of newborn boys receiving medically-unnecessary, non-therapeutic [[circumcision]] is expected to increase. The percentage of males with [[intact]] [[foreskin]] is lowest with senior citizens and highest in the youngest age groups. === Incidence of circumcision ==='''Incidence of circumcision''' is the percentage of newborn boys who currently are being [[circumcised]].====Long-term declining trend====The incidence of non-therapeutic neonatal [[circumcision]] hit its peak at 85-90 percent in 1965.<ref name="laumann1997" /> It has been slowly declining ever since. Peter Moore (2015) reported that the incidence of circumcision was 55 percent.<ref name="moore2015"/> Jacobsen et al. (2021) used data from 2003 through 2016 from the Kid's Inpatient Database of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality to compare [[intact]] with [[circumcised]] boys in the first 28 days of life. The authors reported a gradual declining trend in the incidence of neonatal non-therapeutic [[circumcision]] throughout the study period. The overall incidence of circumcision decreased from 57.4 percent in 2003 to 52.1 percent in 2016 over the 13 year study period or 5.3 percentage points for an average decrease of 0.4 percentage point per year. The authors noted "neonatal circumcision rates decreased significantly over time."<ref name="jacobson2021" /> There was significant variation in the incidence of circumcision by region with the Midwest reporting an incidence of 75 percent (three out of four) for the period, while boys in the West were most likely to preserve their [[foreskin]] as the West reported an incidence of only 25.9 percent or about 1 boy in 4 being [[circumcised]].<ref name="jacobson2021" /> One should also note that the [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] [[medical trade association]] vacated its fraudulent 2012 Circumcision Policy Statement by allowing it to expire in 2017 without being re-affirmed. [https://150.jhu.edu/ Johns Hopkins University] and the Jewish-funded [https://publichealth.jhu.edu/ Bloomberg School of Public Health] have long been outlier advocates of male [[circumcision]]. However, they (2025) are now reporting that the incidence of circumcision has declined "significantly" between 2012 and 2022. The overall decline was from 54.1% to 49.3% — a decline of 4.8 percentage points or 0.048 precentage points per year. The 4.8 percentage point represents a decline of 8.8 percent (4.8/54.1 = 8.8%)<ref name="yang2025" /> Although the incidence of [[circumcision of the newborn]] has been gradually declining for decades, this is the first study to report an overall incidence of less than fifty percent. Based on this new information, we can now report that [[intactness]] is now the NORM among the newborn boys of America. We note that [[Australia]] reported a significant improvement in child health when the incidence of circumcision declined in that nation.<ref>{{REFweb |url=https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/children-youth/australias-children-in-brief/summary |title=Australia’s children: in brief |last=Anonymous |first= |init= |author-link= |publisher=Australian Institute of Health and Welfare |pubmedID= ISBN=978-1-76054-659-5 |DOI=10.25816/5e152818d082c |date=2019-12-17 |accessdate=2025-09-17}}</ref> Any circumcisions performed after the newborn period would not be captured by these statistics. ====Midwest====The Midwest has been called the 'circumcision capital of America' because of its higher rates of circumcision. Nevertheless, the popularity of circumcision is declining even in the Midwest. In the Midwest, the incidence of [[circumcision had ]] has declined to 75 percent, which translates to a [[genital integrity ]] rate increase to 25 percent or 1 in 4 boys having an [[intact foreskins]] foreskin.<ref name="jacobson2021" /> The previous report from 2010 was one boy in five being intact,<ref name="bollinger2017" /> and before that it was 1 in 10 boys being [[intact]], so this in an increase of 250 percent (0.25 percent /0.10 X 100 = 250%) in the rate of [[Intact| intactness ]] for the Midwest.The still high incidence of circumcision in the Midwest is counterbalanced by the low incidence in the West. === Intactness is the new norm! === [[Intactness]] had previously been shamed in the United States,<ref name="garrett2023-12-21">{{REFweb |url=https://intactamerica.org/foreskin-phobia-intact-penis-shamed/ |title=Foreskin Phobia: How The Intact Penis Has Been Shamed |last=Garrett |first=Connor |init= |author-link=Connor Judson Garrett |publisher=Intact America |date=2023-12-21 |accessdate=2024-05-15}}</ref> but that era has ended. [[Intact America]] called attention to the existence of a "tipping point",<ref>{{REFbook |last=Gladwell |first=Malcomb |init= |year=2002 |title=The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference |url=https://www.amazon.com/Tipping-Point-Little-Things-Difference/dp/0316346624?s=books |scope= |location= |publisher=Back Bay Books |pages=301 |ISBN=SBN-10 0316346624 |accessdate=2025-12-01 }}</ref> when public opinion would shift toward [[intactness]] in 2016.<ref>{{REFweb |url=https://intactamerica.org/do-you-know-about-the-tipping-point/ |title=Do You Know: About the “Tipping Point? |last=Chapin |first=Georganne |init= |author-link=Georganne Chapin |publisher=Intact America |date=2016-11-01 |accessdate=2024-06-03}}</ref> Public opinion in the United States in 2024 has now reached that tipping point. The percentage of American boys being [[circumcised]] has been slowly but progressively declining for a long time, while the number of boys with [[intact]] [[foreskin]] has correspondingly increased.<ref name="jacobson2021" /> The percentage of [[intact]] newborn boys has exceeded the percentage of [[circumcised]] newborn boys since 2022.<ref name="yang2025" /> As the present trend continues, [[intactness]] is becoming the more usual, normal, and expected condition among newborn infant boys in America. The incidence of [[circumcision]] varies geographically so some locations will report higher percentages [[circumcised]]. The incidence of harmful, unnecessary, nontherapeutic [[circumcision]] of newborn boys declines at the rate of 0.5 of one percentage point per year.<ref name="yang2025" /> ==American [[genital integrity]] organizations== The United States of America now have numerous [[genital integrity]] ([[intactivist]]) organizations working to promote and encourage the protection of the [[physical integrity]] of American boys. {{SEEALSO}}

* [[Intact-friendly]]* [https://en.intactiwiki.org/index.php/Main_Page Home page]* [[Living with a foreskin in circumcised America]]{{LINKS}}* {{URLwikipedia|United_States|United States}}* {{REFweb |url=https://www.cirp.org/library/legal/USA/ |title=Legality of Circumcision: The United States of America |last=Hill |first=George |init= |publisher=Circumcision Reference Library |date=2013-07-31 |accessdate=2023-08-26}}These documents by [[Dan Bollinger]] are included here because they contain significant information about the United States:* {{REFweb |url=https://www.academia.edu/23494197/Infant_Male_Genital_Cutting_Incidence_Worldwide |title=Infant Male Genital Cutting Incidence Worldwide |last=Bollinger |first=Dan |author-link=Dan Bollinger |publisher=Academia |date=2017-05-19 |accessdate=2021-10-21 |format=PDF}}* {{REFjournal |last=Bollinger |init=D |author-link=Dan Bollinger |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321837170_Origins_of_the_Intactivist_Movement_A_Masculine_Foundation |title=Origins of the intactivist movement: A masculine foundation |journal= |date=2017-11-17 |accessdate=2021-10-14}}* {{REFweb |url=https://intactamerica.org/circumcision-rates/ |title=Circumcision Rates by Country: Why America Is the Outlier |last=Alissa |first=Kristel |init= |author-link=Kristel Alissa |publisher=Intact America |date=2025-07-03 |accessdate=2025-8-03}}{{ABBR}}{{REF}} [[Category:BSM]][[Category:English-speaking nation]][[Category:Circumcision]][[Category:Country]][[Category:Male circumcision]][[Category:History]] [[Category:USA]]

[[Categoryde:USAVereinigte Staaten von Amerika]]