Changes

Carbon dioxide (CO2) laser surgery has been used with reported good results.<ref>Rosemberg SK, Jacobs H. [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/009042958290615X Continuous wave carbon dioxide treatment of balanitis xerotica obliterans]. ''Urology'' 1982;19(5):539-41.</ref><ref>Ratz JL. [http://www.cirp.org/library/treatment/BXO/ratz1/ Carbon dioxide laser treatment of balanitis xerotica obliterans]. ''J Am Acad Dermatol'' 1984;10:925-28.</ref><ref>Rosemberg SK. [http://www.cirp.org/library/treatment/BXO/rosemberg1/ Carbon dioxide laser treatment of external genital lesions]. ''Urology'' 1985;25(6):555-8.</ref><ref>Windahl T, Hellsten S. [http://www.cirp.org/library/treatment/BXO/windahl1/ Carbon dioxide laser treatment of lichen sclerosus et atrophicus]. ''J Urol'' 1993;150:868-70.</ref><ref>Kartamaa M, Reitamo S. [http://www.cirp.org/library/treatment/BXO/kartamaa1/ Treatment of lichen sclerosus with carbon dioxide laser vaporization]. ''Br J Dermatol'' 1997;136:356-9.</ref> A carbon dioxide laser is used to vaporize the lesions. [[Circumcision]] is the conventional radical surgical treatment but sacrifices the [[foreskin|prepuce]].<ref name="rickwood-boys" /><ref name="shankar">Shankar KR, Rickwood AM. [http://www.cirp.org/library/treatment/phimosis/shankar1/ The incidence of phimosis in boys]. ''BJU Int'' 1999;84(1):101-2.</ref><ref name="neuhaus" /><ref name="rickwood-medical" /><ref name="depasquale" />