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Evidence suggests that except in rare cases when it is performed in response to a specific medical need, male circumcision confers no net medical benefit and may harm the person who undergoes it. The Canadian Paediatric Society concluded in 1996, after an exhaustive review of the medical literature, that any potential benefit from neonatal circumcision does not outweigh the surgical risks associated with performing the procedure. Paediatric organizations in other countries, including the United States, have come to similar conclusions.
The foreskin is an integral, normal part of the external genitals. It forms the anatomical covering of the glans penis and clitoris. One recent medical study concluded that the inner surface of the male foreskin may be "an important component of the overall sensory mechanism of the human penis" (<ref>{{REFjournal |last=Taylor, |first=J. et alR. |author-link=John R. Taylor |etal=yes |title=The prepuce: specialized mucosa of the penis and its loss to circumcision. |trans-title=Die Vorhaut: spezialisierte Schleimhaut des Penis und ihr Verlust durch Beschneidung |language=Englisch |journal=British Journal of Urology, |date=1996; |volume=77: |pages=291-5)295}}</ref>. It is clear that removing such anatomy from a healthy child raises important human rights issues.
Relative degree of harm is not an appropriate criterion for distinguishing male circumcision from FGM. The milder forms of FGM are no more severe than male circumcision. In some traditions, female circumcision involves removing only the clitoral hood, while in other traditions, female circumcision involves nicking the genitals without removing any tissue whatsoever. Canadian law prohibits all forms of FGM, regardless of severity. If the milder forms of FGM cannot be excused on the grounds that they are less severe than male circumcision, then male circumcision cannot be excused on the grounds that it is less severe than the more extreme forms of FGM.
Circumcision of boys for non-medical reasons is gender-specific discrimination—that is, boys are treated differently just because they are boys. Circumcision of girls for non-medical reasons is prohibited. The reasons commonly cited for male circumcision and female circumcision are identical: cleanliness, good appearance, conformity to societal values, preservation of cultural identity, potential health benefits. If these reasons are insufficient to justify circumcision of girls, they are insufficient to justify circumcision of boys.
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