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→The United States: Add new information on failure of circumcision campaign in Zambia
However, it is precisely these reasons given, that sex education and condoms aren't catching on in Africa, why circumcision advocates say "mass circumcision campaigns" should be promoted in Africa. What failed in the United States is somehow supposed to work miracles in Africa.
====Zambia====
The prevalence of HIV infection among men aged 15-29 has ''not'' decreased despite several campaigns to perform male circumcision.
Garenne & Matthews (2019) report:
<blockquote>
In a multivariate analysis, based on the 2013 DHS survey, circumcised men were found to have the same level of infection as uncircumcised men, after controlling for age, sexual behaviour and socioeconomic status. Lastly, circumcised men tended to have somewhat riskier sexual behaviour than uncircumcised men. This study, based on large representative samples of the Zambian population, questions the current strategy of mass circumcision campaigns in southern and eastern Africa.<ref name="garenne-matthews2019">{{REFjournal
|last=Garenne
|first=M
|author-link=
|last2=Matthews
|first2=A
|author2-link=
|etal=no
|title=Voluntary medical male circumcision and HIV in Zambia: expectations and observations
|trans-title=
|language=
|journal=J Biosoc Sci
|date=2019-10-14
|volume=Epub ahead of print
|issue=
|pages=1-13
|url=
|quote=
|pubmedID=31608845
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1017/S0021932019000634
|accessdate=
}}</ref>
=== Studies with contrary conclusions ===