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==Non-therapeutic circumcision and Australian law==
Australia is a state-party to the United Nations ''Covenant on Civil and Political Rights'' (1966) and to the United Nations ''Convention on the Rights of the Child'' (1989, both of which provide various rights to children, which are violated by non-therapeutic child circumcision.
The legality of non-therapeutic circumcision of boys has been considered several times.
The Queensland Law Reform Commission (1993) researched the legality of non-therapeutic circumcision of children. The commission concluded:
<blockquote>
The common law operating in Queensland appears to be that if the young person is unable, through lack of maturity or other disability, to give effective consent to a proposed procedure and if the nature of the proposed treatment is invasive, irreversible and major surgery and for non-therapeutic purposes, then court approval is required before such treatment can proceed. The court will not approve the treatment unless it is necessary and in the young person's best interests. The basis of this attitude is the respect which must be paid to an individual's bodily integrity.<ref name="qlrc1993">{{REFdocument
|title=Circumcision of Male Infants Research Paper
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/legal/QLRC/
|contribution=
|last=
|first=
|publisher=Queenland Law Reform Commission
|format=
|date=1993
|accessdate=2019-10-31
}}</ref></blockquote>
==Circumcision in the 21st Century==