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|issue=3
|pages=269-275
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/pain/gunnar/ |accessdate=2019-11-26
}}</ref>
* Postoperative wound pain, in the case of children's circumcisions conceivably worsened by the forceful breaking of the preputial adhesions.
}}</ref><ref>{{REFdocument
|title=Judgement of inquiry into the death of McWillis, Ryleigh Roman Bryan
|url=http://www.circumstitions.com/death-exsang.html
|contribution=
|last=Newell
|format=
|date=2004-01-19
|accessdate=2019-11-26
}}</ref>
* Post operative [[lymphoedema]].
|accessdate=2019-10-12
|note=ID 10.1007/978-0-585-39937-9_19
}}</ref> Parental consent is required.<ref>See, e.g., Shephard and Shephard, ''The Complete Guide'', p. 125.</ref> A statement published by the American Academy of Pediatrics in 1999 declares that "parents should determine what is in the best interest of the child... It is legitimate for parents to take into account cultural, religious, and ethnic traditions, in additions to the medical factors, when making a decision."<ref>Lannon and Bailey, "Circumcision Policy Statement," p. 691.</ref> In the United Kingdom, where routine non-therapeutic circumcision has now become far less prevalent than in the United States, a written consent of both parents is required, if a physician is to perform a non-therapeutic circumcision of a child.<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=
|first=
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/legal/Re_J/2000.html
|accessdate=2019-10-12
}}</ref>(The National Health Service does not provide non-therapeutic circumcision.)
In recent years, legal writers in several English-speaking countries have been questioning the practice of acceding to parental wishes.<ref>See, e.g., Somerville, "Therapeutic and Non-Therapeutic Medical Procedures"; Poulter, ''English Criminal Law''; Chessler, "Justifying the Unjustifiable"; Smith, "Male Circumcision."</ref> For example, critics have pointed out that, in the United States, more than 1.3% of male neonatal deaths are attributable to the complications of non-therapeutic circumcision surgery.<ref name="Bollinger 2010"/>refer<ref>{{REFweb