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== Modern foreskin restoration ==
Since the 1970s a new movement of foreskin restoration has emerged mainly in the United States not originating from social, religious, or political demands. With routine non-therapeutic male infant circumcision being established in America, more and more adult circumcised males are disturbed by the fact that the shape of their body had been altered after birth. Their main complaint is the loss of function; the prepuce is not just seen as a part of the human skin but referred to as a sensory organ of the body. Circumcision results in a lack of this organ and furthermore in a decrease of lubrication and sensibility of the glans because of increasing keratinization of the epithelium. Others are disturbed by the outer appearance of their circumcised penis and want to regain the natural status of a covered glans for physical and emotional wholeness and aesthetic body imaging. Some are additionally irritated by the feeling of being mutilated as an infant without the chance to have a free choice of their genital status. A high percentage of these patients even resent their parents, doctors, or culture for their circumcision.
The first report of uncircumcision for psychological reasons was reported by Penn in 1963.<ref name="penn1963">{{REFjournal
}}</ref> His article and the ones of the following years failed to give detailed information on the patient's motivation, and the authors were to a certain extent criticized for performing such a procedure at all.
In 1981, Mohl presented the first detailed analysis of psychiatric aspects in a group of eight patients seeking prepuce restoration. He described several psychological disorders in these patients as narcissistic and exhibitionistic body image, depressions, major defects in early mothering, and ego pathology. Nowadays the understanding of the psychological motivations for uncircumcision is increasing, and the problem is dealt with more seriously. <ref name="watson2017">{{REFjournal |last=Watson |first=Lindsay |author-link= |last2=Golden |first2=Tom |author2-link= |etal=no |title=Male circumcision grief: effective and ineffective therapeutic approaches |trans-title= |language= |journal=New Male Studies: An International Journal |location= |date=2017 |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=109-25 |url=http://newmalestudies.com/OJS/index.php/nms/article/view/261/317 |quote= |pubmedID= |pubmedCID= |DOI= |accessdate=2020-01-02}}</ref>
In 1963 Penn from Johannesburg, after performing a proximal circular incision and pulling forward the penile skin to form a new prepuce, covered the denuded shaft with a "free graft", not indicating from where he took this graft.<ref name="penn1963" />
|first=Willard E.
|author-link=
|title=Uncircumcision: a technique for plastic reconstruction of a prepuce after circumcision
|trans-title=
|DOI=10.1016/s0022-5347(17)39693-3
|accessdate=2020-01-02
}}</ref> This procedure is almost identical to the method of Feriz mentioned earlier and had been slightly modified before by Greer in 1982. <ref name="greer1983">{{REFjournal |last=Greer |first=Donald M. |author-link= |last2=Mohl |first2=Paul C. |author2-link= |last3=Sheley |first3=Kathy M. |author3-link= |etal=yes |title=A technique for foreskin reconstruction and some preliminary results. |trans-title= |language= |journal=J Sex Res |location= |date=1982-11 |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=324-30 |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/restoration/greer1/ |quote= |pubmedID= |pubmedCID= |DOI= |accessdate=}}</ref> A pedicled island scrotal flap was used for the same purpose by Lynch and Pryor in a one-stage procedure in 1993.
One of the simplest methods involved the implantation of a small platinum ring within the tip of the "foreskin." The ring held the skin in place over the glans, resulting in a "created phimosis" (meaning that the skin could not be retracted while the ring was in place). The hope was to generate enough new skin to permanently re-cover the glans after the ring was removed. As it turned out the skin was left was a fibrous, raised band where the platinum ring had been lodged and there was not enough skin to cover the glans.
==The jump to non-surgical methods ==
While reviewing the results of the implanted-ring procedure, an engineer living the Pacific Northwest hit upon the idea of using tape to hold the skin in place over the glans. His intent was to avoid both the surgery needed to have the platinum ring implanted and the unsightly fibrous band it left. This simple idea was circulated among a small network of men who had been sharing whatever information they could find on foreskin restoration as well as their ideas and experimentation. As a result, in 1982, [[BUFF ]] (Brothers United for Future Foreskins) was born.
Despite the possible complications of surgery and the inevitable presence of scars, the main disadvantage seems to be the different color and texture of the original penile skin and the graft. This outcome may not be what the patient had expected; therefore, most foreskin restoration seekers nowadays prefer [[Tissue expansion| skin expansion ]] systems, which avoid these problems.
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