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|pages= |url=http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.00084220015552
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|url=http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0000543
|url=http://www.annalsofepidemiology.org/article/S1047-2797%2806%2900265-1/abstract
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updated REFjournal formattings; fixed issue with double-used url key
|first=
|publisher=World Health Organization
|date=2007
|accessdate=2011-05-06
|journal=N Y State J Med
|volume=8
|pages=446
|pubmedID=3463895
|DOI=10.1371/journal.pmed.0020298#r1326
|date=2006-10
|pages=2361-2370
|url=http://www.aidsonline.com/pt/re/aids/fulltext.00002030-200010200-00018.htm
|pubmedID=11089625
|DOI=10.1097/00002030-200010200-00018
|date=2000-10
}}</ref> without any kind of proof whatsoever.
|last=Hrdy
|first=Danniel B
|init= |author-link=DB
|etal=no
|title=Cultural practices contributing to the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus in Africa
|journal=Rev Infect Dis
|date=1987-11
|volume=9
|issue=6
|pages=1109-19
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/disease/HIV/hrdy1/
|pubmedID=3321361
|DOI=10.1093/clinids/9.6.1109
|accessdate=2021-05-12
|pages=201-5
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/disease/HIV/carael/
|pubmedID=3134914
|accessdate=2020-05-28
}}</ref>
|title=Male circumcision: a role in HIV prevention?
|journal=AIDS
|date=1994
|volume=8
|pages=153-60
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/disease/HIV/vincenzi/
|pubmedID=8043224
|accessdate=2020-05-29
}}</ref>
|last=Darby
|first=Robert
|init=R
|author-link=Robert Darby
|url=https://pool.intactiwiki.org/w/images/2002-09_Darby-BeenThereDoneThat.pdf
|title=Been There, Done That: Thoughts on the proposition that yet more circumcision can save the world from AIDS
|pages=367-71
|url=http://www.circumcisionandhiv.com/files/de_Witte_2007.pdf
|quoteformat=PDF
|pubmedID=17334373
|pubmedCID=10.1038/nm1541
|volume=5
|issue=1
|quote=The anoxic microenvironment of the subpreputial space may support pro-inflammatory anaerobes that can activate Langerhans cells to present HIV to CD4 cells in draining lymph nodes. Thus, the reduction in putative anaerobic bacteria after circumcision may play a role in protection from HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases.
|DOI=10.1371/journal.pone.0008422
|date=2010
|init=LW
|etal=yes
|title=[Male circumcision is not the HIV 'vaccine' we have been waiting for! |url=https://www.arclaw.org/wp-content/uploads/Green-Circumcision-not-HIV-Vaccine-2008.pdf Male circumcision is not the HIV 'vaccine' we have been waiting for!] |format=PDF
|journal=Future HIV Ther
|date=2008
|init3=NKJ
|etal=yes
|title=[Randomized trials stopped early for benefit: a systematic review |url=https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/57167251/Randomized_Trials_Stopped_Early_for_Bene20180810-22454-13zq2zz.pdf?1533940688=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DRandomized_Trials_Stopped_Early_for_Bene.pdf&Expires=1615121597&Signature=JYjNyliXY07z-v1JvMYVTVJG9IXinNjHYEsmuOy5GWAvqugfhsIwpf~gDfqgLbvyVwGpOQ-6~k05ckod-TeM~zo7Ja-fy1p-mg027mlh~MxWCjgQXWVFenwNqHV6liaq~8fVHQ5aZNRkQnu170vW4faves-pNadzVaRo0CgAtr2dvzQ4hA8dXYHKEuMXMyAsOTjErY-1Zgurz2mGdn99oya4~yAnUkj6QiYgVeDKiLJCTxRB6arwHJrIYDwcCh6vzkqZx7e23Faiiv6pXrB-plS1neoUQp5gE1UVt40YUiqpAlkAYmcxmsTJ~pPmZoIgRPLGcqN0rqpjPjlHwhycFw__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA Randomized trials stopped early for benefit: a systematic review]
|journal=JAMA
|date=2005
|last=Ioannidis
|init=JP
|title=[Contradicted and initially stronger effects in highly cited clinical research |url=https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.321.8200&rep=rep1&type=pdf Contradicted and initially stronger effects in highly cited clinical research] |format=PDF
|journal=JAMA
|date=2005
|last2=Clayton
|init2=D
|title=[Be skeptical about unexpected large apparent treatment effects: the case of an MRC AML12 randomization |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0197245602002738 Be skeptical about unexpected large apparent treatment effects: the case of an MRC AML12 randomization]
|journal=Control Clin Trials
|date=2003
|pubmedID=30067842
|pubmedCID=6070310
|DOI= https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0201445
|accessdate=2019-10-20
}}</ref>
|date=2019-10-14
|volume=Epub ahead of print
|pages=1-13
|pubmedID=31608845
|DOI=10.1017/S0021932019000634
|accessdate=2019-10-19
|issue=12
|pages=1362-1368
|accessdate=
}}</ref><ref>{{REFconference
|volume=5
|issue=12
|url=http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0015552
|DOI=10.1371/journal.pone.0015552
|date=2010
}}</ref>
|last=Garenne
|init=M
|title=[Long-term population effects of male circumcision in generalized HIV epidemics in sub-Saharan Africa |url=http://www.circumstitions.com/Docs/garenne-2.pdf Long-term population effects of male circumcision in generalized HIV epidemics in sub-Saharan Africa] |format=PDF
|journal=Afr J AIDS Res
|date=2008
|last4=Nqeketo
|init4=A
|title=[http://artemide.bioeng.washington.edu/connolly_nqeketo_male_samj_2008_98_10.pdf Male circumcision and its relationship to HIV infection in South Africa: results of a national survey in 2002] |url=http://artemide.bioeng.washington.edu/connolly_nqeketo_male_samj_2008_98_10.pdf |format=PDF
|journal=S Afr Med J
|date=2008
|init=JR
|title=Size matters: the number of prostitutes and the global HIV/AIDS pandemic
|url=http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0000543
|journal=PloS One
|date=2007
|issue=6
|page=e543
}}</ref> Mathematical impact modeling of circumcision, antiretroviral therapy (ART), and condom use for South Africa concluded: “Male circumcision was found to have considerably lower impact than condom use or anti-retroviral therapy on HIV infection rates and death rates.”<ref>{{REFconference
|last=Lima
|issue=3
|pages=217.e1-217.e12
|note=Annals of Epidemiology
|accessdate=2011-06-02
|last4=Drucker
|init4=E
|title=[Non-sexual transmission of HIV has been overlooked in developing countries |url=https://europepmc.org/article/med/11809652#free-full-text Non-sexual transmission of HIV has been overlooked in developing countries]
|journal=Br Med J
|date=2002
|last2=Potterat
|init2=JJ
|title=[Heterosexual transmission of HIV in Africa: an empiric estimate |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/disease/HIV/gisselquist2/gisselquist2.pdf Heterosexual transmission of HIV in Africa: an empiric estimate] |format=PDF
|journal=Int J STD AIDS
|date=2003
|volume=14
|pages=162-73
}}</ref> <ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Gisselquist
|init=D
|last3=Brody
|init3=S
|title=[Running on empty: sexual co-factors are insufficient to fuel Africa's turbocharged HIV epidemic |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/John-Potterat/publication/8479267_Running_on_empty_Sexual_co-factors_are_insufficient_to_fuel_Africa%27s_turbocharged_HIV_epidemic/links/00b7d529d10fbac5c9000000/Running-on-empty-Sexual-co-factors-are-insufficient-to-fuel-Africas-turbocharged-HIV-epidemic.pdf Running on empty: sexual co-factors are insufficient to fuel Africa's turbocharged HIV epidemic] |format=PDF
|journal=Int J STD AIDS
|date=2004
|issue=7
|pages=442-52
}}</ref> Male circumcision has been proposed to reduce the incidence of sexual transmission of HIV. In reality, it actually increases the sexual transmission of HIV. Even if it did work, it would be ineffective against non-sexual transmission by unsafe health care. Furthermore, non-sterile health care could mean that the circumcision operation could transmit the HIV infection to the patient.<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Nyindo
|init=M
|title=[Complementary factors contributing to the rapid spread of HIV-I in sub-Saharan Africa: a review |url=https://www.ajol.info//index.php/eamj/article/view/9293 Complementary factors contributing to the rapid spread of HIV-I in sub-Saharan Africa: a review]
|journal=East African Medical Journal
|date=2005
|publisher=Reuters Africa
|date=2008-08-13
|url=httphttps://www.reuters.com/article/idUSLD 23235720080813idUSLD23235720080813
}}</ref><ref>{{REFweb
|title=Circumcision gives men an excuse not to use condoms
|last6=Craig
|init6=A
|title=[Male circumcision and HIV prevention insufficient evidence and neglected external validity |url=https://www.arclaw.org/wp-content/uploads/Green-Circ-HIV-Prev-Insufficient-AmJPrevMed-2010.pdf Male circumcision and HIV prevention insufficient evidence and neglected external validity] |format=PDF
|journal=Am J Prev Med (Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California at San Francisco, USA)
|date=2010-11