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| }}</ref> | | }}</ref> |
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| ==Function== | | == Function == |
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| In [[skin]] infections, the local Langerhans cells take up and process microbial antigens to become fully functional antigen-presenting cells. | | In [[skin]] infections, the local Langerhans cells take up and process microbial antigens to become fully functional antigen-presenting cells. |
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| === HIV === | | === HIV === |
| ====Former hypothesis==== | | ==== Former hypothesis ==== |
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| Kawamura et al. (2005) suggested Langerhans cells may be initial cellular targets in the sexual transmission of [[HIV]],<ref>{{REFjournal | | Kawamura et al. (2005) suggested Langerhans cells may be initial cellular targets in the sexual transmission of [[HIV]],<ref>{{REFjournal |
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| }}</ref> | | }}</ref> |
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| ====Present view==== | | ==== Present view ==== |
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| On 4 March 2007 the online ''Nature Medicine'' magazine published the letter "Langerin is a natural barrier to HIV-1 transmission by Langerhans cells."<ref>{{REFjournal | | On 4 March 2007 the online ''Nature Medicine'' magazine published the letter "Langerin is a natural barrier to HIV-1 transmission by Langerhans cells."<ref>{{REFjournal |
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| }}</ref> | | }}</ref> |
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| ==Population-based studies== | | == Population-based studies == |
| There is now substantial evidence that male circumcision does NOT in fact, protect against HIV infection.
| | {{Population-based studies}} |
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| September 2021 saw the publication of two huge population studies on the relationship of [[circumcision]] and HIV infection:
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| # Mayan et al. (2021) carried out a massive empirical study of the male population of the province of Ontario, [[Canada]] (569,950 males), of whom 203,588 (35.7%) were [[circumcised]] between 1991 and 2017. The study concluded that circumcision status is not related to risk of HIV infection.<ref name="mayan2021">{{REFjournal
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| |last=Mayan
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| |first=Madhur
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| |init=M
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| |author-link=
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| |last2=Hamilton
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| |first2=Robert J.
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| |init2=RJ
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| |author2-link=
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| |last3=Juurlink
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| |first3=David N.
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| |init3=DN
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| |author3-link=
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| |last4=Austin
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| |first4=Peter C.
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| |init4=PC
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| |author4-link=
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| |last5=Jarvi
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| |first5=Keith A.
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| |init5=KA
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| |author5-link=
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| |etal=no
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| |title=Circumcision and Risk of HIV Among Males From Ontario, Canada
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| |journal=J Urol
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| |date=2021-09-23
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| |url=https://www.auajournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1097/JU.0000000000002234
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| |quote=We found that circumcision was not independently associated with the risk of acquiring HIV among men from Ontario, Canada.
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| |pubmedID=34551593
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| |DOI=10.1097/JU.0000000000002234
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| |accessdate=2021-10-02
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| }}</ref>
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| # [[Morten Frisch]] & Jacob Simonsen (2021) carried out a large scale empirical population study in [[Denmark]] of 855,654 males regarding the alleged value of male circumcision in preventing HIV and other sexually transmitted infections in men. They found that [[circumcised]] men have a higher rate of STI and HIV infection overall than [[intact]] men.<ref name="frisch2021">{{FrischM SimonsenJ 2021}}</ref>
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| No association between lack of circumcision and risk of HIV infection was found by either study.
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| {{SEEALSO}} | | {{SEEALSO}} |