Ridged band: Difference between revisions
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Because of its location, the ridged band is invariably excised if a male is circumcised. | Because of its location, the ridged band is invariably excised if a male is circumcised. | ||
The late John R. Taylor, MB, Ch.B., MRCPEd, FRCPC, a British-Canadian pathologist and biomedical researcher who practiced medicine at the [https://www.hsc.mb.ca/ | The late [[John R. Taylor]], MB, Ch.B., MRCPEd, FRCPC, a British-Canadian pathologist and biomedical researcher who practiced medicine at the [https://www.hsc.mb.ca/ Health Sciences Centre] in Winnipeg, MB, first used the term "ridged band" instead of "wrinkly skin" and described the ridged band at the ''Second International Symposium on Circumcision'', organized by [http://www.nocirc.org NOCIRC] in San Francisco, 1991, after examining the foreskins of 22 adults obtained at autopsy. The mean age was 37 years, range 22–58. The prepuces were studied grossly and histologically. | ||
==Structure== | ==Structure== | ||
<!--[[Image:Ridged band magnified10x.jpeg|thumb|right|271px|Part of a ridged band under 10× magnification. The delicate and highly innervated mucosa features many ridges which increase sensitivity through increased surface area.]]--> | <!--[[Image:Ridged band magnified10x.jpeg|thumb|right|271px|Part of a ridged band under 10× magnification. The delicate and highly innervated mucosa features many ridges which increase sensitivity through increased surface area.]]--> | ||
Taylor described the ridged band as a transversely ridged band of mucosal tissue, located just inside the tip of the foreskin near the mucocutaneous boundary. He characterized the ridged band as intensely vascular and richly innervated, stating that it "contains more Meissner's corpuscles than does the smooth mucosa", and noted that these tactile corpuscles were found only in the crests of ridges.<ref>{{REFjournal | [[John R. Taylor|Taylor]] described the ridged band as a transversely ridged band of mucosal tissue, located just inside the tip of the foreskin near the mucocutaneous boundary. He characterized the ridged band as intensely vascular and richly innervated, stating that it "contains more Meissner's corpuscles than does the smooth mucosa", and noted that these tactile corpuscles were found only in the crests of ridges.<ref>{{REFjournal | ||
| last=Taylor | |last=Taylor | ||
| first= | |first=J.R. | ||
| | |author-link=John R. Taylor | ||
| title=The prepuce: specialized mucosa of the penis and its loss to circumcision | |last2=Lockwood | ||
| journal=Br J Urol | |first2=A.P. | ||
| date=1996 | |last3=Taylor | ||
| volume=77 | |first3=A.J. | ||
| issue= | |title=The prepuce: specialized mucosa of the penis and its loss to circumcision | ||
| pages=291-295 | |journal=Br J Urol | ||
| url=http://www.cirp.org/library/anatomy/taylor/ | |date=1996 | ||
| quote= | |volume=77 | ||
| pubmedID=8800902 | |issue= | ||
| pubmedCID= | |pages=291-295 | ||
| DOI=10.1046/j.1464-410x.1996.85023.x | |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/anatomy/taylor/ | ||
| accessdate=2019-09-23 | |quote= | ||
|pubmedID=8800902 | |||
|pubmedCID= | |||
|DOI=10.1046/j.1464-410x.1996.85023.x | |||
|accessdate=2019-09-23 | |||
}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
==Function== | ==Function== | ||
Winkelmann (1956) had previously reported that the prepuce is "a region of great sensitivity and possessed of an abundant nerve supply."<ref>{{REFjournal | Winkelmann (1956) had previously reported that the prepuce is "a region of great sensitivity and possessed of an abundant nerve supply."<ref>{{REFjournal | ||
| last=Winkelmann | |last=Winkelmann | ||
| first= | |first=R.K. | ||
|title=The cutaneous innervation of human newborn prepuce. | |||
| title=The cutaneous innervation of human newborn prepuce. | |journal=Journal of Investigative Dermatology | ||
| journal=Journal of Investigative Dermatology | |date=1956 | ||
| date=1956 | |volume=26 | ||
| volume=26 | |issue=1 | ||
| issue=1 | |pages=53-67 | ||
| pages=53-67 | |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/anatomy/winkelmann2/ | ||
| url=http://www.cirp.org/library/anatomy/winkelmann2/ | |quote= | ||
| quote= | |pubmedID=13295637 | ||
| pubmedID=13295637 | |pubmedCID= | ||
| pubmedCID= | |DOI=10.1038/jid.1956.5 | ||
| DOI=10.1038/jid.1956.5 | |accessdate=2019-09-24 | ||
| accessdate=2019-09-24 | |||
}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
Cold & Taylor (1999) stated: | Cold & Taylor (1999) stated: | ||
<blockquote>The complex interaction between the protopathic sensitivity of the corpuscular receptor-deficient glans penis and the corpuscular receptor-rich ridged band of the male prepuce is required for normal copulatory behaviour.<ref name="cold-taylor">{{REFjournal | <blockquote>The complex interaction between the protopathic sensitivity of the corpuscular receptor-deficient glans penis and the corpuscular receptor-rich ridged band of the male prepuce is required for normal copulatory behaviour.<ref name="cold-taylor">{{REFjournal | ||
| last=Cold | |last=Cold | ||
| first= | |first=C.J. | ||
| | |last2=Taylor | ||
| title=The Prepuce | |first2=J.R. | ||
| journal=BJU Int | |author2-link=John R. Taylor | ||
| date=1999 | |title=The Prepuce | ||
| volume=83 (Suppl 1) | |journal=BJU Int | ||
| issue=February | |date=1999 | ||
| pages=34-44 | |volume=83 (Suppl 1) | ||
| url=https://www.jidonline.org/article/S0022-202X(15)48804-9/pdf | |issue=February | ||
| quote= | |pages=34-44 | ||
| pubmedID=13295637 | |url=https://www.jidonline.org/article/S0022-202X(15)48804-9/pdf | ||
| pubmedCID= | |quote= | ||
| DOI=10.1038/jid.1956.5 | |pubmedID=13295637 | ||
| accessdate=2019-09-24 | |pubmedCID= | ||
|DOI=10.1038/jid.1956.5 | |||
|accessdate=2019-09-24 | |||
}}</ref></blockquote> | }}</ref></blockquote> | ||
| Line 71: | Line 76: | ||
Work in progress shows that stretching the prepuce and its ridged band triggers reflex contraction of muscles of the bulb of penis known to be associated with ejaculation and, not insignificantly, erogenous sensation.<ref name="taylor2003">{{REFjournal | Work in progress shows that stretching the prepuce and its ridged band triggers reflex contraction of muscles of the bulb of penis known to be associated with ejaculation and, not insignificantly, erogenous sensation.<ref name="taylor2003">{{REFjournal | ||
| last=Taylor | |last=Taylor | ||
| first=John | |first=John | ||
| | |author-link=John R. Taylor | ||
| title=Letter | |title=Letter | ||
| journal= Can Fam Physician | |journal= Can Fam Physician | ||
| date=2003 | |date=2003 | ||
| volume=49 | |volume=49 | ||
| issue= | |issue= | ||
| pages=1592 | |pages=1592 | ||
| url=http://www.cirp.org/library/sex_function/taylor3/ | |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/sex_function/taylor3/ | ||
| quote= | |quote= | ||
| pubmedID=14708921 | |pubmedID=14708921 | ||
| pubmedCID=2214164 | |pubmedCID=2214164 | ||
| DOI= | |DOI= | ||
| accessdate=2019-09-28 | |accessdate=2019-09-28 | ||
}} </ref> | }} </ref> | ||
</blockquote> | </blockquote> | ||
| Line 92: | Line 97: | ||
<blockquote> | <blockquote> | ||
The range of functions of the ridged band remains uncertain but it is deeply corrugated, rich in distortion-sensitive Meissner corpuscles and subject to the movement of muscularised shaft skin during sexual intercourse. It now seems that the concertina-like ridged band might be reflexogenic as much as fine-touch sensitive. Initial study (J.R.T. unpublished) indicates that the real importance of the ridged band to sexual intercourse lies in an ability to trigger a reflex contraction of muscles responsible for ejaculation.<ref name="taylor2007A">{{REFjournal | The range of functions of the ridged band remains uncertain but it is deeply corrugated, rich in distortion-sensitive Meissner corpuscles and subject to the movement of muscularised shaft skin during sexual intercourse. It now seems that the concertina-like ridged band might be reflexogenic as much as fine-touch sensitive. Initial study (J.R.T. unpublished) indicates that the real importance of the ridged band to sexual intercourse lies in an ability to trigger a reflex contraction of muscles responsible for ejaculation.<ref name="taylor2007A">{{REFjournal | ||
| last=Taylor | |last=Taylor | ||
| first=John | |first=John | ||
| | |author-link=John R. Taylor | ||
| title=Fine touch pressure thresholds in the adult penis | |title=Fine touch pressure thresholds in the adult penis | ||
| journal=BJU Int | |journal=BJU Int | ||
| date=2007 | |date=2007 | ||
| volume=100 | |volume=100 | ||
| issue=1 | |issue=1 | ||
| pages=218 | |pages=218 | ||
| url=http://www.cirp.org/library/sex_function/taylor2007/ | |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/sex_function/taylor2007/ | ||
| quote= | |quote= | ||
| pubmedID=17552969 | |pubmedID=17552969 | ||
| pubmedCID= | |pubmedCID= | ||
| DOI=10.1111/j.1464-410X.2007.07026_4.x | |DOI=10.1111/j.1464-410X.2007.07026_4.x | ||
| accessdate=2019-09-28 | |accessdate=2019-09-28 | ||
}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
</blockquote> | </blockquote> | ||
| Line 112: | Line 117: | ||
<blockquote> | <blockquote> | ||
The ridged band of prepuce is tucked just inside the tip of the unretracted prepuce; it is a richly vascular muscosal tissue heavily innervated by movement-sensitive Meissner corpuscles. In addition to touch sensitivity, the ridged band is uniquely ridged or corrugated, and not surprisingly, work in progress indicates that retraction or stetching of this accordion like structure triggers reflex contraction of bulbocavernosus and bulbospongious. These "bulb muscles" compress the root or bulb of the penis and among other things, including deep erogenous sensation, are responsible for ejaculation and clearing of residual urine from the posterior urethra following micturition.<ref name="taylor207B">{{REFjournal | The ridged band of prepuce is tucked just inside the tip of the unretracted prepuce; it is a richly vascular muscosal tissue heavily innervated by movement-sensitive Meissner corpuscles. In addition to touch sensitivity, the ridged band is uniquely ridged or corrugated, and not surprisingly, work in progress indicates that retraction or stetching of this accordion like structure triggers reflex contraction of bulbocavernosus and bulbospongious. These "bulb muscles" compress the root or bulb of the penis and among other things, including deep erogenous sensation, are responsible for ejaculation and clearing of residual urine from the posterior urethra following micturition.<ref name="taylor207B">{{REFjournal | ||
| last=Taylor | |last=Taylor | ||
| first=John | |first=John | ||
| | |author-link=John R. Taylor | ||
| title=The forgotten foreskin and its ridged band. | |title=The forgotten foreskin and its ridged band. | ||
| journal=J Sex Med | |journal=J Sex Med | ||
| date=September 2007 | |date=September 2007 | ||
| volume=4 | |volume=4 | ||
| issue=5 | |issue=5 | ||
| pages=1516 | |pages=1516 | ||
| url=https://www.jsm.jsexmed.org/article/S1743-6095(15)31653-2/fulltext | |url=https://www.jsm.jsexmed.org/article/S1743-6095(15)31653-2/fulltext | ||
| quote= | |quote= | ||
| pubmedID=17727357 | |pubmedID=17727357 | ||
| pubmedCID= | |pubmedCID= | ||
| DOI=10.1111/j.1743-6109.2007.00588.x | |DOI=10.1111/j.1743-6109.2007.00588.x | ||
| accessdate=2019-09-28 | |accessdate=2019-09-28 | ||
}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
</blockquote> | </blockquote> | ||
More recent studies provide additional evidence of the sensory and sexual function of the ridged band and foreskin. Kim & Pang (2007), working in South Korea, report that 48 percent of men experience less pleasure from masturbation after circumcision and 63 percent report an increase in difficulty of masturbation.<ref>{{REFjournal | More recent studies provide additional evidence of the sensory and sexual function of the ridged band and foreskin. Kim & Pang (2007), working in South Korea, report that 48 percent of men experience less pleasure from masturbation after circumcision and 63 percent report an increase in difficulty of masturbation.<ref>{{REFjournal | ||
| last=Kim | |last=Kim | ||
| first=DaiSik | |first=DaiSik | ||
| | |last2=Pang | ||
| title=The effect of male circumcision on sexuality | |first2=M.G. | ||
| journal=BJU Int | |title=The effect of male circumcision on sexuality | ||
| date=2007-02-07 | |journal=BJU Int | ||
| volume=99 | |date=2007-02-07 | ||
| issue=3 | |volume=99 | ||
| pages=619-22 | |issue=3 | ||
| url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1464-410X.2006.06646.x | |pages=619-22 | ||
| quote= | |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1464-410X.2006.06646.x | ||
| pubmedID=17155977 | |quote= | ||
| pubmedCID= | |pubmedID=17155977 | ||
| DOI=https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-410X.2006.06646.x | |pubmedCID= | ||
| accessdate=2019-09-28 | |DOI=https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-410X.2006.06646.x | ||
|accessdate=2019-09-28 | |||
}}</ref> Podnar (2012), working in Slovenia, compared the sexual response of normal intact men and circumcised men. The bulbo-covernosus reflex was elicitable in 92 percent of normal intact men, but it was elicitable in only 27 percent of circumcised men.<ref>{{REFjournal | }}</ref> Podnar (2012), working in Slovenia, compared the sexual response of normal intact men and circumcised men. The bulbo-covernosus reflex was elicitable in 92 percent of normal intact men, but it was elicitable in only 27 percent of circumcised men.<ref>{{REFjournal | ||
| last=Podnar | |last=Podnar | ||
| first=S | |first=S. | ||
|title=Clinical elicitation of the penilo-caversosus reflex in circumcised men. | |||
| title=Clinical elicitation of the penilo-caversosus reflex in circumcised men. | |journal=BJU Int | ||
| journal=BJU Int | |date=February 2012 | ||
| date=February 2012 | |volume=109 | ||
| volume=109 | |issue=4 | ||
| issue=4 | |pages=582-5 | ||
| pages=582-5 | |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1464-410X.2011.10364.x | ||
| url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1464-410X.2011.10364.x | |quote= | ||
| quote= | |pubmedID=22897330 | ||
| pubmedID=22897330 | |pubmedCID= | ||
| pubmedCID= | |DOI=10.1111/j.1464-410X.2011.10364.x | ||
| DOI=10.1111/j.1464-410X.2011.10364.x | |accessdate=2019-09-28 | ||
| accessdate=2019-09-28 | |||
}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
==Summary== | ==Summary== | ||
The ridged band area is situated just inside the tip of the foreskin. The ridged band area contains Meissner corpusples arrange in rete ridges. The Meissner corpuscles are stimulated by motion and stretching. The foreskin contains a layer of muscle tissue called the dartos fascia.<ref name="cold-taylor" /> [[Dartos | The ridged band area is situated just inside the tip of the foreskin. The ridged band area contains Meissner corpusples arrange in rete ridges. The Meissner corpuscles are stimulated by motion and stretching. The foreskin contains a layer of muscle tissue called the dartos fascia.<ref name="cold-taylor"/> [[Dartos The dartos fascia]] allows a considerable degree of motion and stretching to stimulate the Meissner corpuscles, which provides significant stimulation during sexual activity. | ||
==Illustrations== | ==Illustrations== | ||