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Two ethicists, Myers & Earp (2020), have conducted a detailed review and analysis of the claimed medical benefits of ''non-therapeutic '' [[circumcision]]. They have determined than the alleged benefits are not material, so they do not support granting of consent by a surrogate. In other words, ''Non-therapeutic'' circumcision is not truly healthcare. Moreover, they comment that even the most perfectly executed surgery produces [[trauma]] and harm to the patient. Circumcision also produces tissue loss and loss of function, therefore, circumcision should be performed only after the individual reaches the age of consent. Consent by a surrogate for a ''non-therapeutic'' circumcision is an unethical practice.<ref name="myers2020">{{REFjournal