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Male circumcision is part of the culture of the Philippine Islands. Boys usually are not neonatally circumcised. Instead , circumcision is done when it they are somewhat older. Some are medically circumcised while others are circumcised in a traditional manner. Ramos & Boyle (2001) studied the psychological effects of circumcision on Philippine boys. They reported that sixty-nine percent of traditionally circumcised boys and fifty-one percent of medically circumcised boys met the criteria for a diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).<ref name="ramos-boyle2001">{{REFbook
|last=Ramos
|first=Samuel
|note=
}}</ref>
==Circumcision trauma in adults==
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