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Although physicians may act with what they consider to be sound medical judgement, some Jewish physicians may be influenced also by non-medical consideration. Cultural background of many Jewish circumcision advocates predisposes them to view the practice in a positive light, to welcome evidence that the most particular and problematic religious custom of their people is medically beneficial, and to dismiss arguments to the contrary. The presence of a large and influential population of Jewish physicians in this country, their concentration in leading centers of research and publication, and their remarkably active participation in the century-long debate on circumcision seems too obvious and too significant to be rejected out of hand, or worse, to be avoided because it might be wrongly interpreted as gratuitous defamation.<ref>{{REFbook | Although physicians may act with what they consider to be sound medical judgement, some Jewish physicians may be influenced also by non-medical consideration. Cultural background of many Jewish circumcision advocates predisposes them to view the practice in a positive light, to welcome evidence that the most particular and problematic religious custom of their people is medically beneficial, and to dismiss arguments to the contrary. The presence of a large and influential population of Jewish physicians in this country, their concentration in leading centers of research and publication, and their remarkably active participation in the century-long debate on circumcision seems too obvious and too significant to be rejected out of hand, or worse, to be avoided because it might be wrongly interpreted as gratuitous defamation.<ref>{{REFbook | ||
| last=Glick | |last=Glick | ||
| first=Leonard | |first=Leonard | ||
| year=2005 | |author-link=Leonard Glick | ||
| title=Marked in Your Flesh, Jewish American Physicians and Twentieth-Century Circumcision Advocacy | |year=2005 | ||
| url= | |title=Marked in Your Flesh, Jewish American Physicians and Twentieth-Century Circumcision Advocacy | ||
| editor= | |url= | ||
| edition= | |editor= | ||
| volume= | |edition= | ||
| chapter="This Little Operation" | |volume= | ||
| pages=183-184 | |chapter="This Little Operation" | ||
| location=New York | |pages=183-184 | ||
| publisher=Oxford University Press | |location=New York | ||
| isbn=0-19-517674-X | |publisher=Oxford University Press | ||
| note=The presence of a large and influential population of Jewish physicians in this country... | |isbn=0-19-517674-X | ||
| accessdate=2011-02-19 | |note=The presence of a large and influential population of Jewish physicians in this country... | ||
|accessdate=2011-02-19 | |||
}}</ref> According to a MEDLINE search, Edgar Schoen, a strong Jewish advocate, has been published 20 times in the medical literature on the subject of circumcision. | }}</ref> According to a MEDLINE search, Edgar Schoen, a strong Jewish advocate, has been published 20 times in the medical literature on the subject of circumcision. | ||