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Although physicians may act with what they consider to be sound medical judgement, some Jewish physicians may be influenced also by non-medical consideration. Cultural background of many Jewish circumcision advocates predisposes them to view the practice in a positive light, to welcome evidence that the most particular and problematic religious custom of their people is medically beneficial, and to dismiss arguments to the contrary. The presence of a large and influential population of Jewish physicians in this country, their concentration in leading centers of research and publication, and their remarkably active participation in the century-long debate on circumcision seems too obvious and too significant to be rejected out of hand, or worse, to be avoided because it might be wrongly interpreted as gratuitous defamation.<ref>{{REFbook
Although physicians may act with what they consider to be sound medical judgement, some Jewish physicians may be influenced also by non-medical consideration. Cultural background of many Jewish circumcision advocates predisposes them to view the practice in a positive light, to welcome evidence that the most particular and problematic religious custom of their people is medically beneficial, and to dismiss arguments to the contrary. The presence of a large and influential population of Jewish physicians in this country, their concentration in leading centers of research and publication, and their remarkably active participation in the century-long debate on circumcision seems too obvious and too significant to be rejected out of hand, or worse, to be avoided because it might be wrongly interpreted as gratuitous defamation.<ref>{{REFbook
  | last=Glick  
  |last=Glick  
  | first=Leonard  
  |first=Leonard  
  | year=2005  
|author-link=Leonard Glick
  | title=Marked in Your Flesh, Jewish American Physicians and Twentieth-Century Circumcision Advocacy
  |year=2005  
  | url=
  |title=Marked in Your Flesh, Jewish American Physicians and Twentieth-Century Circumcision Advocacy
  | editor=
  |url=
  | edition=
  |editor=
  | volume=
  |edition=
  | chapter="This Little Operation"
  |volume=
  | pages=183-184
  |chapter="This Little Operation"
  | location=New York
  |pages=183-184
  | publisher=Oxford University Press
  |location=New York
  | isbn=0-19-517674-X
  |publisher=Oxford University Press
  | note=The presence of a large and influential population of Jewish physicians in this country...
  |isbn=0-19-517674-X
  | accessdate=2011-02-19
  |note=The presence of a large and influential population of Jewish physicians in this country...
  |accessdate=2011-02-19
}}</ref> According to a MEDLINE search, Edgar Schoen, a strong Jewish advocate, has been published 20 times in the medical literature on the subject of circumcision.
}}</ref> According to a MEDLINE search, Edgar Schoen, a strong Jewish advocate, has been published 20 times in the medical literature on the subject of circumcision.