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Manual stretching preserves the [[foreskin ]] and its many protective, immunological, sensory, and sexual [[Foreskin#Physiological_functions| physiological functions]], and renders the foreskin retractable, but may take some months to achieve.
==== Preputioplasty ====
Should those therapies not yield the desired outcomes, there is a surgical option, namely a preputioplasty.
This surgical method preserves the [[foreskin. ]] A good cosmetic result and total preservation of the foreskin are achieved. The basic principle of most of those methods consists of making one or more small longitudinal incisions, and then suturing the wound or wounds transversely.
There are several different methods:
* Cicumcision is the most expensive treatment.<ref name="vanhowe1998" />
* Circumcision has a long, painful, and difficult recovery. Erections are painful. Post-circumcision lymphoedema [[ymphoedema]] caused swelling can last for many months. Recovery time is placed at six weeks. Erections may cause sutures to pull out, thus opening the surgical wound, causing [http://www.circumstitions.com/Restric/Botched9wd.html wound dehiscence]. Sexual and psychological issues abound. As with other surgery, complications are surgical misadventure, hemorrhage, and infection. Loss of the penis and [[death]] are known.<ref name="shahid2012" /> <ref name="williams-kapila1993">{{REFjournal
|last=Williams
|first=Neville
}}</ref>
* Circumcision permanently and irreversibly amputates the foreskin[[oreskin]], so its multiple protective, immunological, sensory, and sexual physiological functions are destroyed. * The tender sensitive head of the [[penis ]] will be permanently exposed so the head will rub against clothing. Many men find this to be very painful.
* Many men report a permanent loss of sexual sensation.