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Sexual effects of circumcision

66 bytes added, 12:48, 19 December 2019
Comment out dated, inaccurate, and wrong material.
The '''sexual effects of circumcision''' are the subject of some debate. Studies have been conducted to investigate the effect of circumcision (amputation of the [[foreskin]]) on sexual drive, erectile function, premature and delayed ejaculation, sexual satisfaction, sexual sensation and penile sensitivity. Studies have also assessed whether [[circumcision]] affects [[masturbation]] or other sexual practices, and the degree to which a heterosexual woman's experience of sex is affected by her partner's circumcision status.
<!--Only medical trade associations, such as the [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] (AAP), which represents doctors who profit from carrying out circumcisions, still contend that circumcision does not harm sexual function. The American Academy of Pediatrics points to a survey (self-report) finding circumcised adult men had less sexual dysfunction and more varied sexual practices, but also noted anecdotal reports that penile sensation and sexual satisfaction are decreased for circumcised males.<ref name="AAP1999">{{REFjournal
|last=
|first=
|date=1999-03
|accessdate=
}}</ref> In January 2007, The [[American Academy of Family Physicians]] (AAFP) stated "The effect of circumcision on penile sensation or sexual satisfaction is unknown. Because the epithelium of a circumcised glans becomes cornified, and because some feel nerve over-stimulation leads to desensitization, many believe that the glans of a circumcised penis is less sensitive. [...] No valid evidence to date, however, supports the notion that being circumcised affects sexual sensation or satisfaction."<ref name="AAFPAAFP2007"/> Conversely, a 2002 review by Boyle ''et al.'' stated that "the genitally intact male has thousands of fine touch receptors and other highly erogenous nerve endings&mdash;many of which are lost to circumcision, with an inevitable reduction in sexual sensation experienced by circumcised males." They concluded, "intercourse is less satisfying for both partners when the man is circumcised".<ref>{{REFweb
| quote=
| url=http://www.cirp.org/library/psych/boyle6/
| date=2002-05-01
| accessdate=2019-12-02
}}</ref>-->
== Penile sensitivity and sexual sensation ==
|date=2008-08
|accessdate=
}}</ref>--> <!--In a 2009 study, Cortés-González ''et al.'' reported a statistically significant improvement in "perception of sexual events" (p=0.04).<ref name="cortes2009">{{REFjournal
|last=Cortés-González
|first=J.R.
|date=2009-11
|accessdate=
}}</ref>==-->
=== Glans sensitivity ===
|date=2007-03
|accessdate=2019-12-16
}}</ref> <!--In January 2007, The American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP) stated "The effect of circumcision on penile sensation or sexual satisfaction is unknown. Because the epithelium of a circumcised glans becomes cornified, and because some feel nerve over-stimulation leads to desensitization, many believe that the glans of a circumcised penis is less sensitive. Opinions differ about how this decreased sensitivity, which may result in prolonged time to orgasm, affects sexual satisfaction. An investigation of the exteroceptive and light tactile discrimination of the glans of circumcised and uncircumcised men found no difference on comparison. No valid evidence to date, however, supports the notion that being circumcised affects sexual sensation or satisfaction."
<ref name="AAFP">{{REFweb
| quote=
| date=2007
| accessdate=2007-01-30
}}</ref>-->
Yang ''et al.'' (1998) concluded in their study into the innervation of the penile shaft and glans penis that: "The distinct pattern of innervation of the glans emphasizes the role of the glans as a sensory structure."<ref name="yang1998">{{REFjournal
}}</ref>
An examination of 7 circumcised and 6 uncircumcised males found no difference in [[keratinkeratinization]]ization of the [[glans penis]].<ref name="Szabo">{{REFjournal
|last=Szabo
|first=Robert
}}</ref>-->
Sorrells ''et al.'' (2007) measured the fine-touch pressure thresholds of 91 circumcised and 68 uncircumcised, adult male volunteers, They reported "[the] glans of the uncircumcised men had significantly lower mean (sem) pressure thresholds than that of the circumcised men, at 0.161 (0.078) g (P = 0.040) when controlled for age, location of measurement, type of underwear worn, and ethnicity."<ref name="sorrells2007"/> <!--In a letter to BJU International, however, on the basis of the unadjusted data, Waskett and Morris stated "we find no significant differences [...], consistent with previous findings."<ref name="waskett2007">{{REFjournal
|last=Waskett
|first=Jake H.
|date=2007-07
|accessdate=
}}</ref>-->
<!--Payne ''et al.'' (2007), in a study of the glans and shaft sensitivity of twenty circumcised and twenty uncircumcised men, reported that "No differences in genital sensitivity were found between the uncircumcised and circumcised groups."<ref name="payne2007">{{REFjournal
|last=Payne
|first=Kimberley
|date=2007-05
|accessdate=
}}</ref>-->
=== Foreskin sensitivity ===
}}</ref>
Boyle ''et al.'' (2002) argued that circumcision and frenectomy remove tissues with "heightened erogenous sensitivity," stating "the genitally intact male has thousands of fine touch receptors and other highly erogenous nerve endings&mdash;many of which are lost to circumcision."<ref name="boyle2002">{{REFjournal |last=Boyle |first=Gregory J. |first2=Gillian A. |last2=Bensley |title=Adverse Sexual and Psychological Effects of Male Infant Circumcision |journal=Psychological reports |volume=88 |issue=3, Part 2 |pages=1105-1106 |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/psych/boyle5/ |quote= |pubmedID=11597060 |pubmedCID= |DOI= |date=2001-07 |accessdate=}}</ref> They concluded, "Evidence has also started to accumulate that male circumcision may result in lifelong physical, sexual, and sometimes psychological harm as well." Sorrells ''et al.'' (2007), in the study discussed above, measured fine-touch pressure thresholds of the penis, and concluded "The transitional region from the external to the internal prepuce is the most sensitive region of the uncircumcised penis and more sensitive than the most sensitive region of the circumcised penis. Circumcision ablates" (removes) "the most sensitive parts of the penis." According to Sorrells ''et al.'', the five penile areas most sensitive to fine-touch are located on the foreskin.<ref name="sorrellssorrells2007" /> <!--This is disputed by Waskett and Morris, who argue that when they re-analyse Sorrells' data, no significant differences are found; that light touch is only one form of sensitivity, and that sexual pleasure may sometimes require less sensitivity. They also criticized Sorrells' recruitment methods.<ref name="waskett2007"/> In response, Young criticizes Waskett and Morris's use of the [[Bonferroni correction]] and argues that the methods of selecting subjects would not affect the results, that the two most sensitive positions on the circumcised penis represent small areas of [[circumcision scar]], as compared to a much larger area of sensitive tissue on the foreskin, and that sales of sensation-dulling products do not necessarily indicate that such are widely used other than on scar tissue.<ref name="young"/>--> In 2009, Schober ''et al'' reported on self-assessed sexual sensitivity in 81 men, 11 of whom were uncircumcised. When assessing areas producing sexual pleasure, the foreskin was ranked 7th, after the glans, lower and upper shaft, and the left and right sides of the penis, but above the area between scrotum and anus, the scrotum itself, and the anus.<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Schober
|first=J.M.
}}</ref>
Boyle ''et al.'' (2002) argued that circumcision and frenectomy remove tissues with "heightened erogenous sensitivity," stating "the genitally intact male has thousands of fine touch receptors and other highly erogenous nerve endings&mdash;many of which are lost to circumcision."<ref name="boyle2002">{{REFjournal
|last=Boyle
|first=Gregory J.
|first2=Gillian A.
|last2=Bensley
|title=Adverse Sexual and Psychological Effects of Male Infant Circumcision
|journal=Psychological reports
|volume=88
|issue=3, Part 2
|pages=1105-1106
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/psych/boyle5/
|quote=
|pubmedID=11597060
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=
|date=2001-07
|accessdate=
}}</ref> They concluded, "Evidence has also started to accumulate that male circumcision may result in lifelong physical, sexual, and sometimes psychological harm as well."
==Erectile function==
|date=2006
|accessdate=
}}</ref><ref name="Laumann1997"/> in erectile dysfunction among circumcised men, while other studies have shown little to no effect.<ref name="masood2005"/><!--<ref name="krieger2008">{{REFjournal
|last=Krieger
|first=J.N.
|date=2008-08
|accessdate=
}}</ref>--><ref name="senkul2004"/><ref name="Collins2002">{{REFjournal
|last=Collins
|first=S.
|date=2002
|accessdate=
}}</ref><!--<ref name="kigozi2007">{{REFjournal
|last=Kigozi
|first=G.
|date=2007-01
|accessdate=
}}</ref>--><ref name="kimpang2006"/>
Fink ''et al.'', in an American study of 123 men, found that medically necessitated circumcision resulted in worsened erectile function (p=0.01).<ref name=fink2002/>
Laumann ''et al.'' reported that the likelihood of having difficulty in maintaining an erection was lower for circumcised men, but only at the 0.07 level (OR 0.66; 95% CI, 0.42-1.03).<ref name="Laumann1997"/>
<!--Cortés-González ''et al.'' reported a statistically significant improvement in erectile function following circumcision (p=0.0007).<ref name="cortes2009"/>-->
== Ejaculatory function ==
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