Changes

The myth that [[smegma]] was a carcinogenic, and thus that [[circumcision]] would render a man immune to penile cancer, was invented in 1932 by a defender of ritual circumcision named [[Abraham L. Wolbarst]], who also believed that circumcision prevented epilepsy, paralysis, and [[masturbation]].<ref>{{REFjournal

|last=Wolbarst

|author-link=Abraham L. Wolbarst

|title=Circumcision and Penile Cancer

|pages=150-153

}}</ref> No laboratory or clinical research had been done on the subject at the time, however Wolbarst's myth found its way into early medical textbooks regardless. Although the smegma hypothesis was completely disproven by an exhaustive study by Reddy in 1963,<ref>{{REFjournal

|last=Reddy

|last2=Baruah

|title=Carcinogenic Action of Human Smegma

Bissada ''et al''. (1986) report cancer forms on the [[circumcision scar]].<ref name="bissada1986">{{REFjournal

|last=Bissada

|author-link=

|last2=Morcos

|author2-link=

|last3=el-Senoussi

|author3-link=

|etal=no

In Japan, Norway, and Sweden, the risk of penile cancer is about the same as in the US (1 in 100,000 per year).<ref>{{REFjournal

|last=Wallerstein

|title=Circumcision. The uniquely American medical enigma

|journal=Urol. Clin. North Am.

Infection with HPV is associated with some penile cancers. A quadri-valent vaccine ([[Gardasil]]) to prevent infection by the four most common variants of HPV has been developed, successfully tested, and approved by the US [[Food and Drug Administration]] for females between the ages of 9 and 26, and as of 2009, males between the ages of 16 and 26.<ref name="titleAccess to articles : Nature Reviews Drug Discovery">{{REFjournal

|title=Quadrivalent human papillomavirus recombinant vaccine

|journal=Nature reviews. Drug discovery