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Pain
,→Intraoperative pain: Add citation.
EMLA was the least effective pain control. Dorsal penile nerve block (DPNB) was more effective, and ring block was the most effective. The authors reported "[w]ithout exception, newborns in this study who did not receive an analgesic suffered great distress during and following the circumcision, and they were exposed to unnecessary risk (from choking or apnea)." The authors were so alarmed that they terminated the no anesthesia arm of the study early.<ref name="lander1997" />
None of the analgesic measures tested provided total pain relief. <ref name="bellieni2013">{{REFjournal |last=Bellieni |first=Carlo V. |init= |author-link= |last2=Alagna |first2=Maria G. |init2= |author2-link= |last3=Buonocore |first3=Giuseppe |init3= |author3-link= |etal=no |title=Analgesia for infants’ circumcision |trans-title= |language= |journal=Ital J Pediatr |location= |date=2013-06-13 |volume=39 |issue= |article= |page=39 |pages= |url=https://www.academia.edu/16945402/circumcision_and_pain?email_work_card=view-paper |archived= |quote= |pubmedID=23759130 |pubmedCID=3702488 |DOI=10.1186/1824-7288-39-38 |accessdate=2021-05-29}}</ref> Any infant boy who undergoes neonatal circumcision will experience some pain and trauma. Boys who escape circumcision would have no pain or trauma. The authors concluded that circumcision should be performed with ''anesthetic'', however the text makes clear that they meant ''analgesia'', since full anesthesia is unsafe for neonates.<ref name="lander1997" />
===Post-surgical pain===