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'''Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans''' (BXO) is also known as '''Lichen Sclerosus et Atrophicus''' (LSA).<ref name="freeman">{{REFjournal |last=Freeman |init=C, |last2=Laymon |init2=CW. [ |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/treatment/BXO/freeman1/ |title=Balanitis xerotica obliterans]. '' |journal=Arch Dermat Syph'' ( |location=Chicago) |date=1941; |volume=44;( |issue=4): |pages=547-59.}}</ref><ref name="laymon">{{REFjournal |last=Laymon |init=CW, |last2=Freeman |init2=C. [ |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/treatment/BXO/laymon1/ |title=Relationship of Balanitis xerotica obliterans to lichen sclerosus et atrophicus]. '' |journal=Arch Derm Syph'' ( |location=Chicago) |date=1944: |volume=49; |pages=57-9.}}</ref><ref name="parsad">{{REFjournal |last=Parsad |first=Davinder |init=D, |last2=Saini |init2=R |url=http://web. Saini Rarchive. [org/web/20050407182428/http://www.vulvarpain.icomm.ca/parsad.html |archived=yes |title=Oral Stanozolol in Lichen Sclerosus et Atrophicus]. '' |journal=J Am Acad Dermatol'' |date=1998; -02 |volume=38( |issue=2) part pt. 1: |pages=278-9. (link to www.vulvarpain.icom.ca)}}</ref><ref name="finkbeiner">{{REFjournal |last=Finkbeiner |init=AE. [ |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/treatment/BXO/finkbeiner2003/ |title=Balanitis xerotica obliterans: a form of lichen sclerosus]. '' |journal=South Med J'' |date=2003; |volume=96( |issue=1): |pages=7-8.}}</ref> First described in Germany by Stühmer in 1928,<ref name="stühmer">Stühmer A. Balanitis xerotica obiterans und ihre Beziehungen zur 'Kraurosis glandi et praeputii penis'. ''Arch Dermatol Syph'' (Berlin) 1928;156:613. DOI: 10.1007/BF01828558 ([http://www.springerlink.com/content/k2895227m2410756/ Abstract])</ref> it is a skin disease of unknown etiology<ref name="freeman" /> and occurs in both males and females. BXO is the name traditionally used when the disease afflicts the male sexual organs, while LSA is the name applied when the disease appears in a female or a male in other than the genital organs. An older name for BXO is ''kraurosis glandii et praeputii penis''.<ref name="freeman" /><ref name="McKay">McKay DL Jr, Fuqua F, Weinberg AG. [http://www.cirp.org/library/treatment/BXO/mckay1/ Balanitis xerotica obliterans in children]. ''J Urol'' 1975;114(5):773-5.</ref>

There still seems to a wide range of opinion on the best treatment modalities for BXO. The cause is still unknown, although Shelley ''et al''. (1999) hypothesize spirochete infection.<ref name="neuhaus" /> More research is needed. Now, however, there is a good possibility of successful treatment without radical circumcision.<ref>{{REFjournal |last=Dalton |init=JD. [ |url=http://bmj.com/cgi/eletters/321/7264/792#10014 |title=BXO does not require treatment by circumcision]. (letter) '' |journal=BMJ'' |date=2000; }} rapid response pages.</ref> The trend today seems to be for greater use of medical treatment and less use of radical surgery in the treatment of BXO.