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The myth that [[smegma]] was a carcinogenic, and thus that [[circumcision]] would render a man immune to penile cancer, was invented in 1932 by a defender of ritual circumcision named [[Abraham L. Wolbarst]], who also believed that circumcision prevented epilepsy, paralysis, and [[masturbation]].<ref>{{REFjournal |last=Wolbarst |init=A |author-link=Abraham L. Wolbarst |title=Circumcision and Penile Cancer |journal=The Lancet |volume=1 |issue=5655 |date=1932-01-16 |pages=150-153Wolbarst1932}}</ref> No laboratory or clinical research had been done on the subject at the time, however Wolbarst's myth found its way into early medical textbooks regardless. Although the smegma hypothesis was completely disproven by an exhaustive study by Reddy in 1963,<ref>{{REFjournal