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,→Population-based studies: Wikify.
September 2021 saw the publication of two huge population studies on the relationship of circumcision and HIV infection:
# Mayan et al. (2021) carried out a massive empirical study of the male population of the province of Ontario, [[Canada]] (569,950 males), of whom 203,588 (35.7%) were [[circumcised ]] between 1991 and 2017. The study concluded that circumcision status is not related to risk of HIV infection.<ref name="mayan2021">{{REFjournal
|last=Mayan
|first=Madhur
|accessdate=2021-10-02
}}</ref>
# [[Morten Frisch]] & Jacob Simonsen (2021) carried out a large scale empirical population study in [[Denmark]] of 855,654 males regarding the alleged value of male circumcision in preventing HIV and other sexually transmitted infections in men. They found that [[circumcised ]] men have a higher rate of STI and HIV infection overall than [[intact ]] men.<ref name="frisch2021">{{FrischM SimonsenJ 2021}}</ref>
No association between circumcision status and risk of HIV infection was found.