Changes

}}</ref> The CPSO lists the laws which it recognises on its [https://www.cpso.on.ca/en/About/Legislation-By-Laws Legislation and By-laws] webpage. It does ''not'' list the [https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/const/index.html Constitution Acts of Canada], including the [https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/services/how-rights-protected/guide-canadian-charter-rights-freedoms.html Charter of Rights and Freedoms ] on that webpage.

The CPSO does not recognise the right to [[physical integrity]] provided by Section Seven of the Charter as a patient right, so it permits doctors to perform non-therapeutic [[circumcision]] of boys without [[medical indication]].This non-compliance with the Constitution of Canada was approved by the Health Professions Appeal and Review Board.<ref>{{REFweb |url=https://www.canlii.org/en/on/onhparb/doc/2022/2022canlii73178/2022canlii73178.html |title=Little v Glowacki, 2022 CanLII 73178 (ON HPARB) |date=2022-08-15 |accessdate=2022-09-04}}</ref>===Deaths===The permissive policy of the CPSO has resulted in [[Death| deaths ]] of infant boys in Ontario from non-indicated [[circumcision]].<ref name="cairns2007">{{REFjournal

}}</ref> A recent survey of complications of non-therapeutic, non-indicated circumcision carried out at the [https://wwwSchröder et al.sickkids.ca/ Hospital for Sick Children] in Toronto, Ontario reported:  <blockquote>Neonatal circumcision (NNC2021) is the most frequently performed surgical procedure worldwide and is generally considered safe in Western societies. Deaths attributed to NNC are seldom reported and are mostly explained by lack of adherence to medical standards. We reviewed our emergency department database for circumcision-related emergency admissions. During 2000–2013, 19 reorted that two previously healthy neonates were admitted for acute complications after circumcision. Four were admitted for bleeding, with hemophilia identified in two cases and von Willebrand disease in one. Eight boys required emergency surgery, three for severe bleeding. Four boys with amputation of the glans underwent immediate surgical reconstruction. One infant was taken to the operating room to remove an obstructing Plastibell ring. Seven boys were admitted to the intensive care unit with severe bleeding or sepsis, three of whom ultimately progressed to hemorrhagic or septic shock. Two of these children died of their complications. We estimate that the annual incidence of severe complications requiring hospitalization after NNC in circumcision at the Greater Toronto Area was approximately 0.01%, and the incidence of fatalities over the 14-yr review period was approximately 0.0012%. Our results indicate that the risk of serious complications and death as a result of NNC is greater than generally assumedHospital for Sick Children.<ref name="shroder2021">{{REFjournal

}}</ref> ===Complications===A recent survey of [[Complication| complications]] of non-therapeutic, non-indicated circumcision carried out at the [https://www.sickkids.ca/ Hospital for Sick Children] in Toronto, Ontario reported:  <blockquote>Neonatal circumcision (NNC) is the most frequently performed surgical procedure worldwide and is generally considered safe in Western societies. Deaths attributed to NNC are seldom reported and are mostly explained by lack of adherence to medical standards. We reviewed our emergency department database for circumcision-related emergency admissions. During 2000–2013, 19 previously healthy neonates were admitted for acute complications after circumcision. Four were admitted for bleeding, with hemophilia identified in two cases and von Willebrand disease in one. Eight boys required emergency surgery, three for severe bleeding. Four boys with amputation of the glans underwent immediate surgical reconstruction. One infant was taken to the operating room to remove an obstructing Plastibell ring. Seven boys were admitted to the intensive care unit with severe bleeding or sepsis, three of whom ultimately progressed to hemorrhagic or septic [[shock]]. Two of these children died of their complications. We estimate that the annual incidence of severe complications requiring hospitalization after NNC in the Greater Toronto Area was approximately 0.01%, and the incidence of fatalities over the 14-yr review period was approximately 0.0012%. Our results indicate that the risk of serious complications and [[death]] as a result of NNC is greater than generally assumed.<ref name="shroder2021" /></blockquote>

* {{URLwebsite|https://www.cpso.on.ca/|20222024-0810-2405}}