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|accessdate=2022-10-07
}}</ref> Wetness is associated with having a longer prepuce.<ref name="ofarrell2008">{{REFjournal
|last=O'Farrell
|first=
|init=N
|author-link=
|last2=Chung
|first2=
|init2=CK
|author2-link=
|last3=Weiss
|first3=Helen
|init3=
|author3-link=
|etal=no
|title=Foreskin length in uncircumcised men is associated with subpreputial wetness
|trans-title=
|language=
|journal= Int J STD AIDS.
|location=
|date=2008-12
|season=
|volume=19
|issue=23
|pages=821-3
|url=
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=19050212
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1258/ijsa.2008.008106
Add text and citation.
}}</ref>, a natural, normal, benign, healthy, and beneficial product of the body, which will collect in the preputial sac.
Wetness in the preputial sac is associated with having a longer prepuce.<ref name="ofarrell2008">{{REFjournal |last=O'Farrell |first= |init=N |author-link= |last2=Chung |first2= |init2=CK |author2-link= |last3=Weiss |first3=Helen |init3= |author3-link= |etal=no |title=Foreskin length in uncircumcised men is associated with subpreputial wetness |trans-title= |language= |journal= Int J STD AIDS. |location= |date=2008-12 |season= |volume=19 |issue=23 |pages=821-3 |url= |archived= |quote= |pubmedID=19050212 |pubmedCID= |DOI=10.1258/ijsa.2008.008106 |accessdate=2022-10-07}}</ref> Parkash et al. (1982) studied the wetness to learn its source. The authors concluded "that the space is kept moist and also clean in those with preputial stenosis, by the secretions of the prostate, supplemented by the seminal secretion of the mucin content of the secretion of the urethral glands."<ref name="parkash1982">{{REFjournal
|last=Parkash
|first=
|publisher=The Free Dictionary by Farlex
|date=2012
|accessdate=2022-10-07
}}</ref> Moistness also may be maintained by [[transudation]].<ref name="cold-taylor1999" />
Lakshmanan & Parkash (1980) described the muscle fibers in the prepuce (known as the [[dartos]]), which contract to keep the prepuce snugly close to the glans penis. The muscle fibers form a whorl at the tip to keep the tip of the foreskin and the preputial sac closed against the outside world and contamination.<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Lakshmanan
|first=
|accessdate=
}}</ref>
Cold & Taylor (1999) described a healthy microbiome that lives within the preputial sac.<ref name="cold-taylor1999" /> They also reported that Langerhans cells are found in the mucosa of the preputial sac. [[Langerhans cells]] are part of the immunological defenses of the penis. De Witte et al. (2007) reported that Langerhans cells produce a substance named ''langerin''. The langerin offers protection against HIV infection:
{{Citation
|Title=Langerin is a natural barrier to HIV-1 transmission by Langerhans cells
|Text=Langerin prevents HIV-1 transmission by LCs. HIV-1 captured by Langerin was internalized into Birbeck granules and degraded. Langerin inhibited LC infection and this mechanism kept LCs refractory to HIV-1 transmission; inhibition of Langerin allowed LC infection and subsequent HIV-1 transmission. Notably, LCs also inhibited T-cell infection by viral clearance through Langerin. Thus Langerin is a natural barrier to HIV-1 infection, and strategies to combat infection must enhance, preserve or, at the very least, not interfere with Langerin expression and function.
|Author=
|Source=
|lang=
|before=
|after=
|ref=<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=de Witte
|first=Lot
|init=
|author-link=
|last2=Nabatov
|first2=Alexey
|init2=
|author2-link=
|last3=Pion
|first3=Marjorie
|init3=
|author3-link=
|etal=yes
|title=Langerin is a natural barrier to HIV-1 transmission by Langerhans cells
|trans-title=
|journal=Nature Medicine
|date=2007-03
|season=
|volume=13
|pages=367-71
|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nm1541
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=17334373
|pubmedCID=
|DOI= 10.1038/nm1541
|accessdate=2022-10-08
}}</ref>
|Comment=
}}
{{REF}}