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→Circumcision trauma: Improve citation.
'''{{FULLPAGENAME}}''' is defined as physical injury or psychological or emotional damage.<ref name="trauma2003">{{REFweb
|url=https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Trauma
}}</ref>
==Physical trauma==Physical trauma is any injury caused by a mechanical or physical agent.<ref name="trauma2003" />==Psychic trauma==Psychic trauma is a psychologically upsetting experience that produces an emotional or mental disorder or otherwise has lasting negative effects on a person's thoughts, feelings, or behavior.<ref name="trauma2003" /> Psychic trauma produces [[posttraumatic stress disorder]].==Circumcision trauma==Circumcision trauma includes both physical trauma and psychic trauma.===Physical circumcision trauma===Circumcision, more properly described as ''posthectomy'', is the surgical excision and amputation of the foreskin of the penis, which permanently removes a significant portion of the epithelium of the penis and destroys the significant and important [[Foreskin#Protective_functions| protective]], [[Foreskin#Immunological_functions| immunological]], [[Foreskin#Sexual_functions| sexual]], and [[Foreskin#Sexual_behavior| sensory]] physiological functions of that structure, and leaves the patient permanently and irreversibly impaired.
== Psychic trauma ==Psychic circumcision traumais a psychologically upsetting experience that produces an emotional or mental disorder or otherwise has lasting negative effects on a person's thoughts, feelings, or behavior.<ref name="trauma2003" />== Birth trauma ==
De Mause (1996) argued that early trauma results in aggressive adult behavior.<!ref name="demause1996">{{REFjournal |last=deMause |first=Lloyd |init= |author-link= |etal=no |title=Restaging Fetal Traumas in War and Social Violence |journal=Pre- and Perinatal Psychology Journal |location= |date=1996 |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=344-92 |url=http://www.mattes.de/buecher/praenatale_psychologie/PP_PDF/PP_08_2_deMause.pdf |archived= |quote= |pubmedID=11609155 |pubmedCID= |DOI= |accessdate=2024-04-03}}</ref> Jacobsen & Bygdeman (1998) reported an association between birth trauma and adult suicide.<ref>{{REFjournal |last=Jacobsen |first= |init=B |author-link= |last2=Bygdeman |first2= |init2=M |author2-link= |etal=no |title=Obstetric care and proneness of offspring to suicide as adults: case-control study |trans-title= |language= |journal=BMJ |location= |date=1998 |volume=317 |issue=7169 |article= |page=1346 |pages= |url=https://www.bmj.com/content/317/7169/1346 |archived= |quote= |pubmedID=9812930 |pubmedCID=28715 |DOI=10.1136/bmj.317.7169.1346 |doi= |accessdate=2023-10-18}}</ref> == Circumcision trauma ==There are no medical indications for infant [[circumcision]],<ref>{{REFbook |last=Committee on Fetus and Newborn |first= |init= |year=1971 |title=Standards and Recommendation for Hospital Care of Newborn infants. 5th ed. |url=https://www.cirp.org/library/statements/aap/#a1971 |scope= |location=Evanston |publisher=American Academy of Pediatrics |ISBN= |accessdate=2024-04-03 }}</ref> which is a [[Pain| painful]] non-therapeutic, medically-unnecessary invasive amputative surgery. Infant circumcision still occurs more than 2,000 times a day in the [[United States]]. Circumcision trauma includes ''both'' physical trauma and psychic trauma.<ref name="boyle2002">{{BoyleGJ GoldmanR SvobodaJS FernandezE 2002}}</ref> <ref>{{REFjournal |last=Aydoğdu |first= |init=B |author-link= |last2=Azizoğlu |first2= |init2=M |author2-link= |last3=Okur |first3= |init3=MH |author3-link= |etal=no |title=Social and psychological effects of circumcision: A narrative review |trans-title= |language= |journal=Journal of Applied Nursingand Health |location= |date=2022 |volume=4 |issue=2 |article= |page= |pages=264-71 |url=https://janh.candle.or.id/index.php/janh/article/download/110/138 |archived= |quote= |DOI=10.55018/janh.v4i2.110 |format=PDF |accessdate=2023-01-16}}</ref> <ref name="boyle2015">{{REFjournal |last=Boyle |first= |init=GJ |author-link=Gregory J. Boyle |etal=no |title=Circumcision of Infants and Children: Short-Term Trauma and Long-Term Psychosexual Harm |trans-title= |language= |journal=Advances in Sexual Medicine |location= |date=2015-04-15 |volume=5 |issue=3 |article= |page= |pages=22-38 |url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/2931/bb0b1cd39a0224fff37545c23931679488fd.pdf |archived= |DOI=10.4236/asm.2015.52004 |format=PDF |accessdate=2024-03-05}}</ref> Batteley, Metters & Smith (2023) state, in addition to the physical risks, the psychological risks should receive attention.<ref name="batterley2023">{{REFjournal |last=Batterley |first= |init=M |author-link= |last2=Metters |first2= |init2=J |author2-link= |last3=Smith |first3 |init3=D |author3-link=David Smith |etal=no |title=Male Circumcision-Based Trauma: Should it be Shown Greater Recognition? |trans-title= |language= |journal=PsyArXiv |location= |date=2023-01-18 |volume=Preprint |pages=1-13 |url=https://psyarxiv.com/4yv62/ |archived= |quote= |DOI=10.31234/osf.io/4yv62 |accessdate=2023-02-25}}</ref> [[Dan Bollinger| Bollinger]] (2023) reported a preliminary survey comparing [[intact]] and [[circumcised]] men using the ACE test. The [[circumcised]] men had higher ACE scores than the [[intact]] men. Bollinger has called for additional study to determine if male genital cutting (circumcision) should be classified as an [[Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)| Adverse Childhood Experience]].<ref name="bollinger2023">{{REFjournal |last=Bollinger |init=D |author-link=Dan Bollinger |last2= |init2= |author2-link= |url=https://kindredmedia.org/2023/02/adverse-childhood-experiences-dysfunctional-households-and-circumcision/ |title=Adverse Childhood Experiences, Dysfunctional Households, and Circumcision. |journal=Kindred |date=2023-02-28 |volume= |issue= |pages= |accessdate=2023-03-01}}</ref> === Physical circumcision trauma ===Circumcision, more properly described as ''posthectomy'', is the surgical excision and amputation of the [[foreskin]] of the [[penis]], which permanently removes a significant portion of the epithelium of the [[penis]] and destroys the significant and important [[Foreskin#Protective_functions| protective]], [[Foreskin#Immunological_functions| immunological]], [[Foreskin#Sexual_functions| sexual]], and [[Foreskin#Sexual_behavior| sensory]] physiological functions of that structure, and leaves the patient permanently and irreversibly impaired by the loss of those functions.<ref name="cold-taylor1999">{{ColdCJ TaylorJR 1999}}</ref> ==== Results of physical circumcision trauma ====Results of physical trauma include:* [[Complication]]* [[Sexual effects of circumcision]] === Psychic circumcision trauma ===According to [[Marilyn Milos]], "every man who has a scar on his [[penis]] also has a scar on his psyche." The medical community, however, has been slow to recognize the trauma of [[circumcision]].<ref name="batterley2023" /> <ref name="goldman1999">{{REFjournal |last=Goldman |first= |init=R |author-link=Ronald Goldman |etal=no |title=The psychological impact of circumcision |trans-title= |language= |journal=BJU Int |location= |date=1999-01-01 |season= |volume=83 Suppl. 1 |issue= |article= |page= |pages=93-103 |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/psych/goldman1/ |archived= |quote= |pubmedID=10349420 |pubmedCID= |DOI=10.1046/j.1464-410x.1999.0830s1093.x |accessdate=2022-11- 14}}</ref> Although a [[circumcision]] may be performed at any age, circumcisions are most commonly performed on newborn boys in the first month of life outside of the mother's womb. At that tender age general anesthesia is too dangerous to administer, so newborn boys receive only minimal [[pain]] relief at best and, in many cases, none at all. [[Circumcised]] boys had a higher pain response at time of vaccination six months later as compared with [[intact]] boys,<ref name="taddio"1995">{{TaddioA etal 1995}}</ref><ref name="taddio1997">{{SEEALSOTaddioA KatzJ IlersichAL KorenG 1997}} </ref> showing that the nervous system had been permanently sensitized to heightened pain sensation. Taddio et al. (1997) concluded:{{Citation |Text=Although postsurgical central sensitisation (allodynia and hyperalgesia) can extend to sites of the body distal from the wound, suggesting a supraspinal effect, the long-term consequences of surgery done without anaesthesia are likely to include post-traumatic stress as well as pain. It is, therefore, possible that the greater vaccination response in the infants circumcised without anaesthesia may represent an <u>infant analogue of a post-traumatic stress disorder</u> triggered by a traumatic and painful event and re-experienced under similar circumstances of pain during vaccination. |Author=Taddio et al. (1997) |ref=<!ref name="taddio1997"/>}} Boyle & Ramos (2019) reported [[PTSD]] in [[circumcised]] boys in the Philippine Islands where [[Tuli]] remains the usual practice.<ref>{{REFjournal |last=Boyle |first=Gregory J. |init=GJ |author-link=Gregory J. Boyle |last2=Ramos |first2=Samuel |init2=S |author2-link= |etal=no |title=Post- traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among Filipino boys subjected to non-therapeutic ritual or medical surgical procedures: A retrospective cohort study |journal=Annals of Medicine and Surgery |location= |date=2019 |volume=42 |issue= |pages=19-22 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2049080119300305 |archived= |quote= |pubmedID=31080593 |pubmedCID=6506608 |DOI=10.1016/j.amsu.2019.04.004 |accessdate=2023-01-26}}</ref> ==== Results of psychic circumcision trauma ====Results of psychic circumcision trauma include:* [[Post-traumatic stress disorder]]* [[Adamant father syndrome]]* [[Psychological issues of male circumcision]] == Ethics ==Two ethicists, Myers & Earp (2020), have conducted a detailed review and analysis of the claimed medical benefits of non-therapeutic [[circumcision]]. They have determined that the alleged benefits are not material, so they do not support granting of consent by a surrogate. Moreover, they comment that even the most perfectly executed surgery produces trauma and harm to the patient. Circumcision also produces tissue loss and loss of function, therefore, circumcision should be performed only after the individual reaches the age of consent.<ref name="myers2020">{{REFjournal |last=Myers |first= |init=A |author-link= |last2=Earp |first2= |init2=BD |author2-link=Brian D. Earp |etal=no |title=What is the best age to circumcise? A medical and ethical analysis |trans-title= |language= |journal=J Biosoc Sci |location= |date=2020-09 |volume=34 |issue=7 |pages=560-72 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Brian-Earp-2/publication/337720859_What_Is_the_Best_Age_to_Circumcise_A_Medical_and_Ethical_Analysis/links/5f815f61a6fdccfd7b555395/What-Is-the-Best-Age-to-Circumcise-A-Medical-and-Ethical-Analysis.pdf |archived= |quote= |pubmedID=32068898 |pubmedCID= |DOI=10.1111/bioe.12714 |accessdate=2023-05-18}}</ref> Consent by a surrogate for a non-therapeutic circumcision is an unethical practice.== Video ==<b>Circumcision: Trauma, Psychological Effects, Cultural Beliefs</b><youtube>v=lNItNHs9PR8&list=PLmrnvFzPoEloNFlh1lNKzig41vqprZnoc&index=1</youtube>{{SEEALSO}}* [[Circumstraint]]* [[Pain]]* [[Protection of intact newborns in hospital]]* [[Ronald Goldman Testifies On Circumcision Trauma At Historic PACE Hearing]] {{LINKS}} * {{REFweb |url=https://kindredmedia.org/2015/08/infant-circumcision-and-trauma-with-dr-dean-edell/ |title=Infant Circumcision And Trauma – With Dr. Dean Edell |last=Edel |first=Dean |init= |publisher=Kindred |date=2015-08-17 |accessdate=2022-11-20}}*{{REFweb |url=https://circumcision.org/circumcision-permanently->alters-the-brain/ |title=Circumcision Permanently Alters the Brain: The surgery subjected the infant to significant trauma |last=Tinari |first=Paul D. |init= |publisher=Circumcision Resource Center |date= |accessdate=2022-11-20}}* {{REFweb |url=https://iaim.net/extreme-trauma-from-male-circumcision-causes-damage-to-areas-of-brain/#:~:text=Based%20on%20MRI%20data%20collected,and%20frontal%20and%20temporal%20lobes. |title=Extreme trauma from male circumcision causes damage to areas of the brain |last=Anonymous |first= |init= |publisher=International Association of Infant Massage. |date=2016-02-17 |accessdate=2024-03-14}}* {{REFweb |url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/moral-landscapes/201501/circumcision-s-psychological-damage |title=Circumcision’s Psychological Damage |last=Narvaez |first=Darcia F. |author-link=Darcia Narvaez |publisher=Psychology Today |website= |date=2015-01-11 |accessdate=2022-11-14 |format= |quote=}}* {{REFweb |url=https://www.hegemonmedia.com/p/the-cultural-trauma-of-circumcision |title=The Cultural Trauma of Circumcision |last=Marotta |first=Brendon |init=B |author-link=Brendon Marotta |publisher=Hegemon Media |date=2022-02-17 |accessdate=2022-11-14}}* {{REFweb |url=https://intactamerica.org/circumcision-trauma/ |title=Circumcision Trauma: The Invisible Elephant in the Room |last=Anonymous |publisher=Intact America |date=2023-12-17 |accessdate=2023-12-31}}* {{REFweb |url=https://intactamerica.org/timeline-of-circumcision-suffering/ |title=A Timeline of Circumcision Suffering: A Detailed Look |last=Anonymous |first= |init= |publisher=Intact America |date=2024-02-02 |accessdate=2024-02-09}}
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[[Category:Medical term]]
[[Category:Circumcision]]
[[Category:Male circumcision]]
[[Category:Pain]]
[[Category:Psychology]]
[[Category:Parental information]]
[[Category:Trauma]]
[[Categoryde:Term]][[Category:Psychology{{FULLPAGENAME}}]]