Changes

Psychic trauma is a psychologically upsetting experience that produces an emotional or mental disorder or otherwise has lasting negative effects on a person's thoughts, feelings, or behavior.<ref name="trauma2003" /> Psychic trauma produces [[posttraumatic stress disorder]].

==Circumcision trauma==

===Physical circumcision trauma===

Circumcision, more properly described as ''posthectomy'', is the surgical excision and amputation of the foreskin of the penis, which permanently removes a significant portion of the epithelium of the penis and destroys the significant and important [[Foreskin#Protective_functions| protective]], [[Foreskin#Immunological_functions| immunological]], [[Foreskin#Sexual_functions| sexual]], and [[Foreskin#Sexual_behavior| sensory]] physiological functions of that structure, and leaves the patient permanently and irreversibly impaired by the loss of those functions.<ref name="cold-taylor1999">{{ColdCJ TaylorJR 1999}}</ref>