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→Child circumcision as a traumatizing event: Revise text.
===Child circumcision as a traumatizing event===
When an infant boy is to be circumcised, it is the usual practice to immobilize the infant for the [[Pain| painful]] surgery by securely tying his limbs to a molded plastic board specially made for that purpose called a [[circumstraint]]. The infant thus is preventing from fighting or fleeing, which is the [[trauma]]-producing situation of ''inescapable [[shock]]'', described as a "''physical condition in which the organism cannot do anything to affect the inevitable''."<ref name="vanderkolk2014B">{{REFbook
|last=van der Kolk
|first=Bessel
</blockquote>
John Rhinehart, M. D., (1999) a clinical psychiatrist, reported finding numerous cases of [[PTSD ]] in his adult male patients pursuant to infant circumcision.<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Rhinehart
|first=John
}}</ref>
Boyle & Ramos (2019) studied boys in the Philippine Islands who had undergone medical circumcision and others who had suffered the traditional "''tuli''" circumcision. Of the boys who had a medical circumcision, 51 percent exhibited symptoms of [[PTSD]]. Of the boys who had a ''[[tuli]]'' circumcision, 69 percent exhibited symptoms of PTSD.<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Boyle
|first=Gregory J.