Changes

"Male '''circumcision''' (from Latin ''circumcidere'', meaning "to cut around") is the surgical removal or [[amputation]] of the [[foreskin]] (prepuce) , a major part of the human [[penis]]. The foreskin comprises ''more than fifty percent'' of the epithelium of the [[penis]].<ref name="taylor1996">{{TaylorJR LockwoodAP TaylorAJ 1996}}</ref> When the "cutting around" is performed, the foreskin falls off, so [[amputation]] and [[mutilation]] is the result. The amputation destroys the [[Foreskin#Physiological_functions| many protective, immunological, sexual, and sensory physiological functions]] of the foreskin, so it is a very harmful and [[Pain| painful]] surgery. The un-anesthetized and un-sedated newborn infant is restrained by being strapped to a special plastic board called the [[circumstraint]]. The procedure is most often an elective, non-therapeutic surgery without [[medical indication]] performed on neonates and children for religious and cultural reasons in violation of the child's [[human rights]] to [[physical integrity]], but in older patients may be rarely indicated for therapeutic reasons. It is a radical treatment option for pathological [[phimosis]], refractory [[balanoposthitis]] and chronic [[urinary tract infection]]s (UTIs); it is contraindicated in cases of certain genital structure abnormalities or poor general health.  '''Posthectomy''' is a more accurate medical term that more accurately reflects the injury and loss of functional body tissue, but the Biblical [[euphemism]], ''circumcision'', is more commonly used.

In [[Judaism]], the tradition of [[Brit Milah| circumcision ]] goes back to the [[Abrahamic Covenantcovenant]] in a passage in the Book of Genesis (17, :10-14). It is was seen as a covenant between God and man, dating back to the patriarch Abraham. The validity of this passage is increasingly being questioned.

According to the anthropologist and sociologist Rabbi Nissan Rubin, the [[Jewish circumcision| Jewish form of circumcision]], called ''[[Brit Milah| brit mila]]'', during the first two millennia did not include the later customary ''[[periah]]'', namely the complete scraping of the inner [[foreskin]] from the [[Glans penis|glans]]. This was only added around 135 AD, to make it almost impossible to restore the [[foreskin]] by [[stretching]], which became popular in the wake of Hellenic influence. While originally only the tip of the [[foreskin]] was cut off, ''[[periah]]'' removes the entire [[foreskin]].  In the Greek society of the day, a denuded [[Glans penis|glans]] was considered obscene and risible. In ultra-orthodox communities, circumcision is followed by the ''[[mohel]]'', the ritual circumciser, sucking blood from the wound with his mouth. This practice is highly controversial, as it can result in an [[infection ]] with [[herpes]] simplex type 1. In New York City, between 2000 and 2011 eleven children were infected with [[herpes]], 10 of whom had to be treated in hospital. Two of them suffered permanent brain damage, two others died. In the 12th century, the Jewish philosopher and doctor [[Moses Maimonides| Maimonides]] pointed out claimed that circumcision was necessary, as it diminished sexual desires and reduced the pleasure to a degree just sufficient for mere reproduction.

Jesus was born into a Jewish family in [[Israel]], where [[Judaism]] was the prevailing religion, so He was [[circumcised]] on the eighth day.<ref>{{REFweb

In Christianity, circumcision is practiced only in the Coptic churchesdenomination. There is no general belief that circumcision is a requirement of Christianity.<ref name="hill2004">{{REFweb |url=httphttps://www.cirp.org/pages/cultural/christian.htmlphp

Even the mere existence of a [[foreskin]] was falsoly linked to many illnesses. Among them one could find syphilis, epilepsy, paralysis of the spine, bed wetting, scoliosis (spinal deformity), paralysis of the bladder, club foot, nerve pain in the lower abdomen, tuberculosis and lazy eye. One of the best known advocates of child circumcision was [[John Harvey Kellogg]], co-inventor of the corn flakes bearing his name. In 1888, he wrote:

The [[United States]] and [[Israel ]] are the only industrialized countries in the world to have a high incidence of non-therapeutic infant male circumcision. The vast majority of infant circumcisions performed in the United States are for non-religious, non-medical reasons. See [[History of circumcision]].

=== [[Medical indication]] ===There are no [[medical indication| medical indications ]] for circumcision of the newborn. The [[circumcision industry]] offers circumcision of the newborn to the public because of the [[financial incentive]].

In a few cases with older patients, circumcision is legitimately indicated; a patient may be suffering recurring infections, and other methods of treatment have failed. In other cases, a patient may be suffering from a severe case of [[phimosis]]. Overall, the actual medical necessity for circumcision is extremely raresince many conditions respond to conservative treatment. All circumcisions injure the patient by amputating the [[foreskin]] its with many protective, immunological, sensory, and sexual [[Foreskin#Physiological_functions| functions]].

|url=httphttps://www.cirp.org/library/history/encyclopaediabritannica1876/

Initially, circumcision was adopted in the 19th century as a way to stop boys and men from masturbating, where when [[masturbation]] was seen as claimed to be the cause for many diseases. As the myth that circumcision prevented masturbation became debunked, advocates of circumcision began the great search to find the "medical benefits" of circumcision.

|url=httphttps://www.cirp.org/library/anatomy/cold-mcgrath/

|url=httphttps://www.cirp.org/library/history/ephron1/

Some people claim that circumcision has prophylactic benefits. Especially in the [[USA ]] those arguments have persisted for more then a 100 years, with ever changing diseases circumcision is said to protect against. At first, these were diseases where [[masturbation]] was believed to be the cause. After bacteria and viruses had been discovered, arguments changed, and one after another miscellaneous diseases were cited.

|url=httphttps://www.cirp.org/library/complications/blalock1/

|url=httphttps://www.cirp.org/library/general/laumann/

}}</ref>, which found a higher rate of infection with bacterial venereal diseases in [[circumcised ]] than in [[intact ]] men.* The studies by Fleiss et al. (1998) support this.<ref name="fleiss-hodges-vanhowe1998">{{FleissP HodgesF VanHoweRS 1998}}</ref> According to the [[AAP]], the general sexual behaviour of the male - — such as frequent change in partners and the use of condoms - — has a much higher impact on sexually transmitted diseases then the circumcision status.<ref>{{REFjournal

|url=httphttps://www.cirp.org/library/statements/aap1999/

|url=httphttps://www.cirp.org/library/general/laumann/

The fact that the [[USA ]] has both the highest rate percentage of [[circumcised]] males in the western world, as well as the highest [[HIV]] infection rate, makes the studies look dubious. Besides that, several other studies concluded that circumcision does not have a significant impact on the risk of infection with [[HIV]].<ref>{{REFjournal

|url=httphttps://www.cirp.org/library/disease/UTI/mccracken/

}}</ref> found that, during the first 6 years of life, the incidence of UTIs [[UTI]]s in boys was 1.8%, but in girls was 6.6%. UTIs are less common in boys after the first year of life. Mueller et al. <ref>{{REFjournal

* Other studies suggest that circumcision is more likely to raise than to lower the generally low risk of acquiring UTI: multiple studies from [[Israel ]] showed a strong correlation between ritual circumcision on the 8th day of life and postoperative UTI.<ref>{{REFjournal

* It can be concluded that circumcision is ineffective as a preventive measure against UTIs[[UTI]].

One should note that the human [[foreskin ]] is endowed by nature with [[Foreskin#Immunological_functions| immunological functions]] that serve to protect the human body from disease.<ref name="fleiss-hodges-vanhowe1998"/> The [[glans penis ]] receives blood through the frenular artery.<ref>{{REFjournal

In western industrial nations, however, this problem does not exist, in view of the availability of clean water for daily personal hygiene. If the cleaning of the genitals is performed on a daily basis - — and that may be assumed - — no pathogens can accumulate under the [[foreskin]]. Cleaning of the [[Glans penis|glans]] and the area [[preputial sac]] underneath the [[foreskin]] is easy - — they are simply [[Preputial_sac#Washing| washed with warm water along with the rest of the body]], just like the areas between the toes.

In small boys, where the [[foreskin]] cannot be retracted yet, cleaning is not necessary, since the [[Synechia| membrane]] that fuses the [[foreskin]] to the [[Glans penis|glans]] prevents the accumulation of micro-organisms. The so-called "[[Ballooning of the foreskin| ballooning]]", where the [[foreskin]] inflates during urination, is not a serious problemconcern.

But even in areas where there are poorer hygienic conditions and an insufficient access to medical care, the benefits of easier cleaning of a [[circumcised ]] [[penis]] are to be viewed with a critical eye. Although even longer periods without personal hygiene will not result in an accumulation of germs under the [[foreskin]], circumcision itself is not without risk of complications. If the operation is carried out without proper sterility, there is a high risk of an [[infection]] of the wound. This also applies to the treatment of common complications like post-operative [[bleeding]].

The benefit of easier cleaning must be balanced against the risk of promoting serious infections - — among others [[HIV]] - — during the operation. In parts of Africa, several dozen of one tribe's boys die each year as a result of their circumcision.

== Risks and late effects == Just like tonsil or appendix surgery, circumcision is a surgical intervention and brings the usual risks related to surgical operations, alongside several specific risks of complications and late effectsThe [https://www. Uberoi et alcirp. org/library/statements/aap1999/|AAP Circumcision Policy Statement] (20221999) report states quite clearly that ''"some men There is considerable evidence that newborns who are experiencing a complex negative constellation of psychological[[circumcised]] without analgesia experience pain and physiologic stress"''. Furthermore, physicalthe pain is quite severe, and sexual associations that lead to significant emotional distress directed both internally requires injections for proper pain management. Sucrose and externallyAcetaminophen ''"cannot be recommended as the sole method of analgesia"''. The posts also reveal a discovery phenomenon wherein men discover Topical cream is no longer thought sufficient as ''"the analgesic effect is limited during the physical and psychological manifestations phases associated with extensive tissue trauma such as...tightening of the decisions made by others to modify their genitalsclamp"''."<ref name ="uberoi2022">{{REFjournal |last=Uberoi

|inittitle=MAmerican Academy of Pediatrics: Circumcision Policy Statement; Task Force on Circumcision |author-linkjournal=Pediatrics |last2date=Abdulcadir |first2= |init2=J |author21999-link=03 |last3volume=Ohi103 |first3issue=3 |init3pages=DA |author3686-link=93 |last4url=Santiagohttps://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/103/3/686#sec-9 |first4accessdate= |init4=JE |author42019-11-link=26 |last5note=Statement Reaffirmed Sept. 1, 2005 |first5=}}</ref> |init5= The [[AAFP]] (2002) states quite simply in their [https://www.cirp.org/library/statements/aafp2002/|author5-link=position paper], ''"Newborns experience pain during circumcision".''<ref>{{REFweb |last6title=Circumcision: Position Paper on Neonatal Circumcision. Board Approved: August 2007 Reaffirmed |first6website=Official American Academy of Family Physicians Website |init6url=http://www.aafp.org/online/en/home/clinical/clinicalrecs/children/circumcision.html |author6-link= |last7= |first7= |init7accessdate= |author72011-link= |last8= |first8= |init8= |author805-link=02 |last9=}}</ref> This is not a debatable fact, and yet, it is not widely accepted, even by some doctors. It might be hard for some doctors to accept, as they may have been taught that the infant does not feel [[pain]], and may have performed countless circumcisions with this idea. Usage of anesthesia for infant circumcision is still by no means the rule. |first9= |init9= |author9Penile injections of local anesthetic are now recommended by all of the major medical institutions if a circumcision is to be performed. In their [http://www.ama-link= |etal=yes |title=Potentially underassn.org/ama/no-recognized lateindex/about-stage physical and psychosexual complications ama/13585.shtml Report 10 of non-therapeutic neonatal the Council on Scientific Affairs], the AMA states ''"When the decision is made to proceed with circumcision, local anesthesia should be provided for the procedure. [[Ring block]] or [[dorsal penile nerve block]] [injections] are most effective. [[EMLA]] cream has limited utility"''. Alarmingly, ''"Despite the clear evidence that newborn males generate brisk pain responses during circumcision: , a qualitative recent survey of residency training programs found that 26% of programs that taught circumcision provided no instruction on the use of local anesthesia". The AMA reports that "Of physicians performing circumcision, 45% use anesthesia, 71% of pediatricians, 56% of family practitioners, and quantitative analysis 25% of self-reports from an online community forumobstetricians"''.<ref>{{REFweb |trans-title=Report 10 of the Council on Scientific Affairs (I-99): Neonatal Circumcision |languagewebsite=American Medical Association Official Website |journalurl=Int J Impot Reshttp://www.ama-assn.org/ama/no-index/about-ama/13585.shtml |location= |dateaccessdate=20222011-1005-2304 |volume=}}</ref> |issue= |article= |page= |pages= |url=httpsThe AAP's [http://www.naturehealthychildren.comorg/English/ages-stages/prenatal/decisions-to-make/articlespages/s41443Where-022We-00619Stand-8Circumcision.aspx Heatlhy Children website] suggests ''"Your pediatrician (or your obstetrician) should discuss the forms of analgesia that are available"''.<ref>{{REFweb |archivedtitle=Where We Stand: Circumcision |quotepublisher=[[AAP]] |pubmedIDdate=362741892011-03-23 |pubmedCIDurl= |DOI=10http://www.healthychildren.1038org/English/ages-stages/prenatal/decisions-to-make/s41443pages/Where-022We-00619Stand-8Circumcision.aspx |accessdate=20232019-0110-0812}}</ref>Be that as it may, few forms of analgesia are recommended. There are basically two types of injections to choose from, and the website does not go into the difference between a 'dorsal nerve block' and a 'ring block' injection.

=== Possible operative Given what is known from aforementioned official documents, the AAP website may be more informative and postoperative complications ===effective if it would say ''"Make sure your doctor knows of the ineffectiveness of anything short of local anesthesia, and make sure your baby is given an injection. This is your responsibility, because your doctor may or may not be up to date on the latest understandings of infant sensitivity to [[pain]] during circumcision."'' The AAP may be holding back, however, perhaps because this would upset the doctor/parent power relationship, and may cause too much questioning of doctors in general. One may not expect to find this kind of advice on such a website, and yet, anything less than this is a dangerously weak statement.

Circumcision is surgery. Surgical complications of circumcision generally may be classified as To control [[Bleeding| hemorrhagepain]], [[infection]]some physicians that circumcise use Tylenol, sugar, or surgical misadventure up to and including loss of the penis and [[death]].<ref name="deacon2022" /><ref name="williams-kapilla1993">{{REFjournalREFweb |lastquote=WilliamsTo calm the baby during the procedure, a sugar filled gauze pacifier soaked with sweet juice is used, and soothing music is played in the room. |initurl=N |authorhttp://www.pollockclinics.com/circumcision/circumcision-link= |last2=Kapilla |init2=L |author2-link= |etal=noguide.html |title=Complications of circumcisionParents' Guide to Circumcision |trans-titlelast= |languagefirst= |journalpublisher=Brit J Surg |locationdate= |dateaccessdate=19932011-04-1008 |volume=80}}</ref><ref>{{REFweb |issuequote=10 |pages=1231-6During the circumcision, your son will receive sugar pacifiers to suck on which reduce his pain perceptions. |url=http://www.cirppollockclinics.orgcom/librarycircumcision/complications/williamscircumcision-kapila/before.html |title=Before the Circumcision |quotelast= |pubmedIDfirst=8242285 |pubmedCIDpublisher= |DOIdate=10.1002/bjs.18008010052011-04-08 |accessdate=20192011-1104-2708}}</ref> * Intolerance or allergic reactions to the narcotics used.* Especially in newborns, where the bodily pain reduction mechanisms are not yet fully developed, local anaesthesia is often insufficient for the operation. Even in conjunction with regional anaesthesia of the dorsal nerve of the [[penis]], the rate of failure to provide sufficient anaesthetic even for experienced anaesthetists is still 5-10%. The general anaesthesia that would be needed for newborns, however, poses significant risks for the child, and, thereforea topical cream, is only likely to be used in emergencies. A surgical operation without proper [[pain]] control can lead to the development of a specific pain memory<ref>{{REFweb |quote=Then in our office, he will have topical anesthetic applied to his penis. |url=http://www.spiegelpollockclinics.decom/spiegelcircumcision/vorab/expertecircumcision-warnt-rituelle-beschneidung-veraendert-das-gehirn-der-kinder-a-849534before.html |title=Kinderschmerz-Experte warnt: Rituelle Beschneidung verändert das Gehirn der Kinder |trans-title=Children's pain expert warns: Ritual circumcision changes Before the brain of children |language=GermanCircumcision |last=Prof. Dr. med. Boris Zernikow

|publisher=Spiegel Online |website= |date=20122011-04-08-12 |accessdate=20192011-1004-11 |format= |quote=08}}</ref>. In unsedated and partially sedated infants increased secretion of the stress hormone cortisol could be observed for months after the operation. Overall, their pain threshold was lower and the risk of chronic pain increased. Regardless of these findings, infant circumcisions with insufficient /or no a local anaesthetic are still common practiceinjection called a dorsal penile ring block.<ref>{{REFjournalREFweb |lastquote=GarryWe use extensive pain control methods including Tylenol, a sugar solution (to reduce pain perceptions), a topical freezing cream, and a local anesthetic injection. |initurl=Thttp://www.pollockclinics.com/circumcision/circumcision-guide.html |title=Parents' Guide to Circumcision: a survey of fees and practices |journallast=OBG Management |datefirst=1994 |volumepublisher=October |issuedate= |pagesaccessdate=342011-6 |url= |accessdate=04-08}}</ref>Topical anaesthetic only serves to numb the area to lessen the pain of the injection, but studies have shown that a [[dorsal penile nerve block]] is only partially effective in stopping the [[Pain| pain of circumcision]].<refname="Journal of Perinatology April/May 2002">{{REFjournal |last=HowardTaeusch |initfirst=CRH. William |last2init=HowardHW |init2last2=FMMartinez |last3first2=GarfunkelAlma M. |init3init2=LCAM |last4last3=de BlieckPartridge |init4first3=EAJ. Colin |last5init3=WeitzmanJC |init5last4=MSniderman |titlefirst4=Neonatal circumcision and pain relief: current training practicesSusan |journalinit4=PediatricsS |datelast5=1998Armstrong-Wells |volumefirst5=101Jennifer |issueinit5=J |pageslast6=423Fuentes-8Afflick |urlfirst6=Elena |accessdateinit6=}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournalE |lasttitle=StangPain During Mogen or Plastibell Circumcision |initjournal=HJJournal of Perinatology |last2volume=Snellman22 |init2issue=LW3 |titlepages=Circumcision practice patterns in the United States214-8 |url=http://www.nature.com/jp/journal=Pediatrics/v22/n3/full/7210653a.html |datequote=1998...more than half of the study group had what we considered excessive pain/discomfort over the course of the entire procedure. |volumepubmedID=101 |issuepubmedCID=e5 |pagesDOI= |urlnote=April/May 2002 |accessdatedate=2002-04 |noteaccessdate=Link to [[AAP]] website2011-04-08}}</ref>. During procedures which take several minutes, babies tend to fall into a state of stupor, which in the past was falsely interpreted as peaceful sleep, nurturing the belief that babies felt no pain. Measurements taken in those cases revealed a typically 3- to 4-fold increase in cortisol levels, which equals a state of severe [[shock]].<refname="Clinical Pediatrics August 1986">{{REFjournal |last=GunnarWilliamson |initfirst=MRPaul S. |last2init=FischPS |init2last2=ROEvans |last3first2=KorsvikNolan Donovan |init3=S |last4init2=Donhowe |init4=JMND |title=The effects of circumcision on serum cortisol and behaviorNeonatal Cortisol Response to Circumcision with Anesthesia |journal=Psychoneuroendocrinology |date=1981Clinical Pediatrics |volume=625 |issue=38 |pages=269412-756 |url=http://wwwcpj.cirpsagepub.orgcom/librarycontent/pain25/gunnar8/412.abstract |quote=The adrenal cortisol response to surgery was not significantly reduced by the administration of lidocaine. |pubmedID= |pubmedCID= |DOI= |date=1986-08 |accessdate=20192011-1104-2608}}</ref>* Postoperative wound painDuring circumcision, in the case of somp physicians give children's circumcisions conceivably worsened by sugar pacifiers to "reduce the forceful breaking perception of the preputial adhesions.pain",<ref>{{REFweb* Postoperative pain from |quote=During the exposure of the sensitive glans penis circumcision, your son will receive sugar pacifiers to clothing. This suck on which reduce his pain will endure for several weeks or even longer in some casesperceptions.* Postoperative [[bleeding]] of the wound |url=http://www. This can have severe consequences especially for very young infants, if they are not treated promptlypollockclinics. Their blood volume is only about 85 ml per kilogram of body weight, and even moderate blood loss can lead to hypovolaemia, hypovolaemic [[shock]] and even deathcom/circumcision/circumcision-before.<ref>{{REFbookhtml |title=Before the Circumcision

|yearpublisher=2000 |titledate=Paediatric Handbook2011-04-08 |urlaccessdate=2011-04-08}}</ref> but in at least one study, data shows that giving sugar to a child doesn't help to reduce the perception of pain in the child.<ref name="Lancet, The 2010-10-09">{{REFjournal |worklast=Slater |editorsfirst=Smart J, Nolan T.Rebeccah |editioninit=6R |volumefirst2=Laura |chapterinit2=L |pagelast2=82Cornelissen |locationfirst3={{AUSC|VIC}}, AustraliaLorenzo |publisherinit3=Blackwell Science AsiaL |isbnlast3=Fabrizi |quotefirst4=Debbie |accessdateinit4=D |notelast4=}}</ref><ref>{{REFdocumentPatten |titlefirst5=Autopsy of Demetrius MankerJan |urlinit5=J |contributionlast5=Case 93-1711Yoxen |lastfirst6=WetliAlan |firstinit6=CVA |publisherlast6=Miami: Dade County Medical Examiner DepartmentWorley |formatfirst7=Stewart |dateinit7=1993-06-23S |accessdatelast7=}}</ref> <ref>{{REFjournalBoyd |lastfirst8=HissJudith |initinit8=J |last2last8=HorowitzMeek |init2first9=AMaria |last3init9=KahanaM |init3last9=TProf. Fitzgerald |title=Fatal haemorrhage following male ritual circumcisionOral sucrose as an analgesic drug for procedural pain in newborn infants: a randomised controlled trial |journal=J Clin Forensic Med |date=2000The Lancet |volume=7376 |issue=9748 |pages=1225-32-4 |url=http://www.cirpthelancet.orgcom/libraryjournals/deathlancet/hiss1article/ |accessdate=2019PIIS0140-116736%2810%2961303-06}}<7/ref><ref>{{REFdocumentfulltext |titlequote=Judgement of inquiry into the death of McWillisOur data suggest that oral sucrose does not significantly affect activity in neonatal brain or spinal cord nociceptive circuits, Ryleigh Roman Bryan |url=http://wwwand therefore might not be an effective analgesic drug.circumstitionsThe ability of sucrose to reduce clinical observational scores after noxious events in newborn infants should not be interpreted as pain relief.com/death-exsang.html |contribution= |last=Newell |firstpubmedID=TEC |publisherpubmedCID=Burnaby, B.C.: B.C. Coroner's Service |formatDOI= |date=20042010-0110-1909 |accessdate=20192011-1104-2608}}</ref>* Post -operative [[lymphoedema]]pain and the pain the child must endure during recovery is hardly, if ever, addressed by professionals.* Postoperative It has been shown that an infant's response to [[Infection| infectionspain]]. This includes both local infections, which can be treated with local therapy, and systemic infections, requiring systemic antibiotic treatmentaltered for years as a consequence of circumcision.<ref>{{REFconference |last=Dr. med. Hartmann |first=Wolfgang |url= |place=Rechtsausschuss des Bundestages [Legal Committee of the Bundestag] (German) |title=Stellungnahme zur Anhörung am 26. November 2012 [Opinion on the hearing on 26 November 2012] (German) |date=2012-11-26 |accessdate=TaddioA etal 1995}}</ref><ref>{{TaddioA KatzJ IlersichAL KorenG 1997}}</ref>* [[Wound dehiscence]]{{Box|Boxtext=<big><b>However, meaning the separation none of the edges above three procedures totally eliminate pain. A baby boy will still experience some pain despite any of the wound or the tissue after suturingthose analgesic procedures.* Adhesion between the surface or rim Prevention of the [[Glans penis|glanspain]] with requires protecting a boy from elective neonatal non-therapeutic circumcision. Only boys who are protected from the neighbouring medically unnecessary circumcision surgery experience no [[penile skinpain]], causing or [[skintrauma]] pockets .</b></big>}} == Risks and bridges, as well as visually unpleasant results effects ==Just like uneven scarstonsil or appendix surgery, which make circumcision is a re-circumcision necessarysurgical intervention and brings the usual risks related to surgical operations, alongside several specific risks of complications and late effects. Uberoi et al.* Postoperative [[phimosis]]: (2022) report "some men are experiencing a phimotic ring can develop during scarringcomplex negative constellation of psychological, physical, which makes a re-circumcision necessaryand sexual associations that lead to significant emotional distress directed both internally and externally. According to The posts also reveal a study discovery phenomenon wherein men discover the physical and psychological manifestations of the decisions made by Blalock et alothers to modify their genitals."<refname ="uberoi2022">{{REFjournal |last=BlalockUberoi |first= |init=HJM |author-link= |last2=VemulakondaAbdulcadir |first2= |init2=VJ |author2-link= |last3=RitcheyOhi |first3= |init3=MLDA |author3-link= |last4=RibbeckSantiago |first4= |init4=MJE |author4-link= |last5= |titlefirst5=Outpatient management of [[phimosis]] Following newborn circumcision |journalinit5=J Urol |dateauthor5-link=2003 |volumelast6=169 |issuefirst6=6 |pagesinit6=2332 |author6-4link= |urllast7=http://www.cirp.org/library/complications/blalock1/ |accessdatefirst7=2019-11-26}}</ref>, the prevalence is 2.9%, according to Leitch<ref>{{REFjournal |init7= |lastauthor7-link=Leitch |initlast8=IOW |titlefirst8=Circumcision - a continuing enigma |journalinit8=Aust Paediatr J |dateauthor8-link=1970 |volumelast9=6 |issuefirst9= |pagesinit9=59 |author9-65link= |urletal=http://www.cirp.org/library/general/leitch1/yes |accessdatetitle=2019Potentially under-12recognized late-15}}</ref> 5.5%.* [[Sudden Infant Death Syndrome]] (SIDS).* Knot formation stage physical and psychosexual complications of the veins. If the dorsal vein, which originates in the tip of the [[foreskin]], is cut during non-therapeutic neonatal penile circumcision without being clamped : a qualitative and sutured at its origin separately, it starts to develop new branches over time, which can lead to the development quantitative analysis of knots.self-reports from an online community forum* Possible deformities due to circumcision include hypoplasia of the [[penis]] (micro |trans-penis) and induratio [[penis]] plastica (skewed penis).title= |language=* Medical malpractice can also not be ruled out. Injuries, partly or entirely severing the [[Glans penis |glans]] or the [[penis]] can occur.journal=Int J Impot Res* In rare cases, [[necrosis]], gangrene, ischaemia, keloid formation, and circulatory problems may also occur. |location=* When the circumcision is followed by the ultra |date=2022-10-orthodox Jewish ritual of Metzitzah B'Peh (which consists of sucking blood from the wound with the mouth), there is a risk of infection with [[herpes]] simplex type 1, which can lead to brain damage or [[death]].<ref>{{REFweb23 |volume= |issue= |article= |page= |pages= |url=httphttps://www.nytimesnature.com/2012/03/08/nyregionarticles/infantss41443-death022-renews00619-debate-over-a-circumcision-ritual.html?_r8 |archived=0 |titlequote=Baby’s Death Renews Debate Over a Circumcision Ritual |lastpubmedID=Robbins36274189 |firstpubmedCID=Liz |dateDOI=201210.1038/s41443-022-0300619-078 |accessdate=20192023-1001-1108}}</ref> === Physical late effects ===

=== Physical effects ===* [[Bodily harm]]* [[Circumcision scar]] is an invariable effect.* An unavoidable late effect of any circumcision is the permanent loss of sexual sensitivity. This is partly due to the removal of sensory tissue. The [[foreskin]] contains very many nerve endings and touch receptors, which account for the major part of male sexual sensation. If the [[foreskin]] is removed, they can no longer provide sexual stimulation. It is also partly due to the fact that the surface of the [[Glans penis|glans]] reacts to the missing protection from friction and drying out by developing a callus layer. This reduces the sensitivity of the remaining nerves in the [[Glans penis|glans]] gradually over the years. The study conducted by Sorrells et al.<ref>{{Sorrells etal 2007}}</ref> found a significant reduction of sensitivity to touch for [[circumcised]] compared to [[intact]] [[penis]]es in adult males. Other studies revealed that [[circumcised]] men use condoms significantly less often than [[intact]] men, since they further limit the sexual sensitivity (see above).

=== Psychological late Sexual effects === [[Psychological_issues_of_male_circumcision#Circumcision_trauma_in_adults| Psychological late Cepeda-Emiliani et al (2023) cited six reports in the literature of detrimental effects]] are also possible after a of circumcision, especially if the operation was carried out in childhoodincluding erectile function, sensation, masturbatory pleasure, orgasm, and sexual satisfaction. On this occasion a variety The authors also cited three studies of severe distress in [[traumacircumcised]] may occurmen, which depend, among others, on age and circumstances of the due to their infant circumcision. For example, whether the circumcision took place with or without sufficient anaesthesia, if the individual has been informed about the operation beforehandcomplaints of [[glans]] insensitivity, if he was delayed [[circumcisedejaculation]] against his will or without his consent, and also, in the case of infant circumcision, if he was told about it during childhood or had to find it out coincidentally on his own. The psychological late effects of circumcision are not yet fully researched, and many studies took place on rather a small scaleunpleasant sensation. This situation needs to be rectified, because the available studies, as well as the histories of negatively affected men, suggest that these late effects may have more impact than previously assumed. * It was observed that infants, following circumcision without pain control, had a disturbed bond with their mother<refname="cepeda2023">{{REFjournal |last=MarshallCepe da-Emiliani |first= |init=REA |author-link=Alfonso Cepeda-Emiliani |last2=PorterGándara-Cortés |first2= |init2=FLM |author2-link= |last3=RogersOtero-Alén |first3= |init3=AGM |author3-link= |last4=García |first4= |init4=H |author4-link= |last5=Suárez-Quintanilla |first5= |init5=J |author5-link= |last6=García-Caballero |first6= |init6=T |author6-link= |last7=Gallego |first7= |init7=R |author7-link= |last8=García-Caballero |first8= |init8=R |author8-link= |etal=yesno |title=CircumcisionImmunohistological study of the density and distribution of human penile neural tissue: II effects upon mothergradient hypothesis |trans-infant interactiontitle= |language= |journal=Early Hum DevInt J Impot Res |location= |date=19822023-05-02 |volume=735 |issue=43 |article= |page= |pages=367286-74305 |url=httphttps://www.cirpnature.orgcom/libraryarticles/birth/marshall2s41443-022-00561-9 |archived= |quote= |pubmedID=35501394 |pubmedCID= |DOI=10.1038/s41443-022-00561-9 |accessdate=20202023-0211-0126}}</ref>, as well as problems  Circumcision and frenectomy remove tissues with nurturingheightened erogenous sensitivity.<ref name="cepeda2023" /> <ref name="winkleman1959">{{WinkelmannRK 1959}}</ref> They concluded, up "Evidence has also started to the point of refusal to be fed. The sleeping habits of these babies were also disturbedaccumulate that male circumcision may result in lifelong physical, sexual, with prolonged non-REM sleep and increased wakingsometimes psychological harm as well."

* In boys The [[circumcisedamputation]] of the prepuce results in childhood, [[postthe loss of the majority of fine-traumatic stress disorder]] (touch neuroreceptors found in the [[PTSDpenis]]) could be diagnosed. In a study on Philippine boys, in whom no [[PTSD]] was found prior to leaving only the operation, 69% uninhibited protopathic sensibility of the boys artificially externalized [[circumcisedglans penis]] in . The imbalance caused by not having the input from the traditional ritual and 51% now ablated fine-touch receptors may be a leading cause of those the changes in sexual behavior noted in [[circumcised]] by standard medical procedures (including anaesthesia) fulfilled the DSM-IV criteria for PTSD following the operationhuman males.<ref>{{REFbookREFjournal |last=RamosVan Howe |init=SRS |last2author-link=BoyleRobert S. Van Howe |init2last2=GJCold |yearinit2=2001CJ |title=Understanding circumcision: A Multi-Disciplinary Approach to a Multi-Dimensional ProblemAdvantages and Disadvantages of Neonatal Circumcision |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4757-3351-8_14 |work= |editors=[[George C. Denniston]], [[Frederick M. Hodges]], [[Marilyn Fayre Milos]] |editionjournal=The Journal of the American Medical Association |volume=277 |chapterissue=Ritual and medical circumcision among Filipino boys: evidence of post-traumatic stress disorder13 |pages=2531052-707 |locationurl=New York |publisher=Kluwer Academichttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/Plenum Publishers |isbn=9218663

* CircumcisionsHistology of the male circumcision scar shows [[amputation]] neuromas, Schwann cell proliferation and the bulbous collection of variably sized neurites. [[Amputation]] neuromas do not mediate normal sensation and are notorious for generating pain.<ref name="ColdCJ TaylorJR 1999"/> Cepeda-Emiliani et al. (2023) commented:<blockquote> Taking the sleve technique as an example of surgical flexibility during circumcision, especially those to the extent that this technique is of such versatility that happen without consentit allows highly variable quantities of cutaneous and subcutaneous tissue to be excised directly from the penile body, can spark feelings and to the extent that the prepuce is still conceived by segments of helplessness the medical community as "just a small piece of skin", we are concerned that aggressive circumcisions are intentionally or unintentionally being performed in pediatric and alienationadult patients in the belief that "redundant" or " extra" tissue is being excised, or in the belief that "excesive sensitivity" is being reduced to augment ejaculatory latency time.<ref name="cepeda2023" /></blockquote>The un-anesthetized and un-sedated newborn infant is restrained by being strapped to a special plastic board called the [[circumstraint]]. The procedure is most often an elective, non-therapeutic surgery without [[medical indication]] performed on neonates and children for religious and cultural reasons in violation of the child's [[human rights]] to [[physical integrity]], but in older patients may be rarely indicated for therapeutic reasons. It is a radical treatment option for pathological [[phimosis]], which can persist as refractory [[balanoposthitis]] and chronic [[urinary tract infection]]s (UTIs); it is contraindicated in cases of certain genital structure abnormalities or poor general health.  See [[traumaSexual effects of circumcision]]for more information. These feeling can  === Psychological effects ===[[Psychological_issues_of_male_circumcision#Circumcision_trauma_in_adults| Psychological late effects]] are also be triggered laterpossible after a circumcision, when someone especially if the operation was carried out in childhood. On this occasion a variety of [[circumcisedtrauma]] as an infant becomes aware may occur, which depend, among others, on age and circumstances of his the circumcision. In an online studyFor example, interviewed men stated they felt betrayed - 55% by whether the mothercircumcision took place with or without sufficient anaesthesia, 50% by if the individual has been informed about the fatheroperation beforehand, if he was [[circumcised]] against his will or without his consent, and 58% by also, in the doctorcase of infant circumcision, if he was told about it during childhood or had to find it out coincidentally on his own. The psychological late effects of circumcision are not yet fully researched, and 73% felt many studies took place on rather a small scale. This situation needs to be rectified, because the available studies, as well as the histories of negatively affected men, suggest that these late effects may have more impact than previously assumed. * It was observed that their infants, following circumcision without [[human rightspain]] control, had been violated.a disturbed bond with their mother<ref name="GSoCH">{{REFwebREFjournal |last=Marshall |init=RE |last2=Porter |init2=FL |last3=Rogers |init3=AG |etal=yes |title=Circumcision: II effects upon mother-infant interaction |journal=Early Hum Dev |date=1982 |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=367-74 |url=httphttps://www.circumcisionharmcirp.org/ |title=Global Survey of Circumcision Harmlibrary/birth/marshall2/ |accessdate=20192020-1002-1201}}</ref>* It can frequently be found that the loss is denied, much as happens well as problems with nurturing, up to the loss point of refusal to be fed. The sleeping habits of other body partsthese babies were also disturbed, with prolonged non-REM sleep and increased waking. This denial can lead to fathers having their sons  * In boys [[circumcised]] in order not to childhood, [[post-traumatic stress disorder]] ([[PTSD]]) could be reminded of their own lossdiagnosed. In this processa study on Philippine boys, their own body is defined as "normal" and the in whom no [[foreskinPTSD]] redefined as a foreign object. Their own parents are seen as "good"was found prior to the operation, so that this image is projected onto 69% of the circumcision their parents carried out as well, boys [[circumcised]] in order to keep the positive emotion intact. The father wants to be a "good" father later in life as well, traditional ritual and so, following an idealised image 51% of his own parents, circumcision, which has been redefined as a "good thing", is passed on to his son by having him those [[circumcised]] as wellby standard medical procedures (including anaesthesia) fulfilled the DSM-IV criteria for PTSD following the operation.<ref>{{VanderKolkBA 1989}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournalREFbook |last=GoldmanRamos |init=RS |authorlast2=Boyle |init2=GJ |year=2001 |title=Understanding circumcision: A Multi-Disciplinary Approach to a Multi-link=Ronald GoldmanDimensional Problem |url=httphttps://wwwlink.cirpspringer.orgcom/librarychapter/psych/goldman110.1007/978-1-4757-3351-8_14 |titlework=The psychological impact of circumcision |journaleditors=BJU Int[[George C. Denniston]], [[Frederick M. Hodges]], [[Marilyn Fayre Milos]] |dateedition=1999 |volume=83 |issuechapter=Suppl. 1Ritual and medical circumcision among Filipino boys: evidence of post-traumatic stress disorder |pages=93253-10370 |location=New York |publisher=Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers |isbn= |quote= |accessdate=2019-10-12 |note=

* Circumcisions, especially those that happen without consent, can spark feelings of helplessness and alienation, which can persist as [[trauma]]. These feeling can also be triggered later, when someone [[circumcised]] as an infant becomes aware of his circumcision. In an online study, interviewed men stated they felt betrayed - 55% by the mother, 50% by the father, and 58% by the doctor, and 73% felt that their [[human rights]] had been violated.<ref name="GSoCH">{{REFweb |url=http://www.circumcisionharm.org/ |title=Global Survey of Circumcision Harm |accessdate=2019-10-12}}</ref>* It can frequently be found that the loss is denied, much as happens with the loss of other body parts. This denial can lead to fathers having their sons [[circumcised]] in order not to be reminded of their own loss. In this process, their own body is defined as "normal" and the [[foreskin]] redefined as a foreign object. Their own parents are seen as "good", so that this image is projected onto the circumcision their parents carried out as well, in order to keep the positive emotion intact. The father wants to be a "good" father later in life as well, and so, following an idealised image of his own parents, circumcision, which has been redefined as a "good thing", is passed on to his son by having him [[circumcised]] as well.<ref>{{VanderKolkBA 1989}}</ref><ref>{{REFjournal |last=Goldman |init=R |author-link=Ronald Goldman |url=https://www.cirp.org/library/psych/goldman1/ |title=The psychological impact of circumcision |journal=BJU Int |date=1999 |volume=83 |issue=Suppl. 1 |pages=93-103 |accessdate=2019-10-12}}</ref>* If the [[circumcised]] male feels incomplete, or due to the missing [[foreskin]] disadvantaged compared to [[intact]] males, an inferiority complex and [[depression ]] may occur. This can be accompanied by conscious recognition of his own incompleteness, or the deficiency may remain completely subconscious<ref>{{REFjournal

|url=httphttps://www.cirp.org/library/psych/rhinehart1/

|url=httphttps://www.cirp.org/library/psych/cansever/

|url=httphttps://www.cirp.org/library/psych/levy1/

* [[Circumcised ]] males who become fathers frequently manifest [[adamant father syndrome]].

[[Intact America]] (2019) called circumcision as an [[Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)| adverse childhood experience]],<ref name-"bollinger2019">{{REFdocument

=== Pain Possible operative and postoperative complications ===In the past, advocates Circumcision is surgery. Surgical complications of circumcision claimed that a newborn child's nerve system was not yet fully developed, and that generally may be classified as a result[[Bleeding| hemorrhage]], the child felt no [[paininfection]] during , or surgical misadventure up to and including loss of the circumcision procedure. Anand & Hickey (1987) have shown that newborn children do in fact feel penis and [[paindeath]], and more acutely than adults.<ref name="ananddeacon2022" /><ref name="williams-hickey1987kapilla1993">{{REFjournal |last=AnandWilliams |firstinit=N

|last2=HickeyKapilla |first2init2=L

|title=Pain and its effects in the human neonate and fetusComplications of circumcision

|journal=New Engl Brit J MedSurg

|date=19871993-11-1910 |volume=31780 |issue=2110 |pages=13211231-96 |url=httphttps://www.cirp.org/library/paincomplications/anandwilliams-kapila/

|pubmedID=33170378242285

|DOI=10.1002/bjs.1800801005 |accessdate=2019-11-0827}}</ref> This has led American health associations to recommend doctors take measures to reduce the pain of circumcision in infants.

The [http://www* Intolerance or allergic reactions to the narcotics used.cirp.org/library/statements/aap1999/|AAP Circumcision Policy Statement] (1999) states quite clearly that ''"There is considerable evidence that * Especially in newborns who , where the bodily pain reduction mechanisms are not yet fully developed, local anaesthesia is often insufficient for the operation. Even in conjunction with regional anaesthesia of the dorsal nerve of the [[circumcisedpenis]] without analgesia experience pain and physiologic stress"''. Furthermore, the pain rate of failure to provide sufficient anaesthetic even for experienced anaesthetists is quite severestill 5-10%. The general anaesthesia that would be needed for newborns, however, and requires injections poses significant risks for proper pain management. Sucrose the child, and Acetaminophen ''"cannot , therefore, is only likely to be recommended as the sole method of analgesia"''used in emergencies. Topical cream is no longer thought sufficient as ''"A surgical operation without proper [[pain]] control can lead to the analgesic effect is limited during the phases associated with extensive tissue trauma such as...tightening development of the clamp"''.a specific pain memory<ref>{{REFjournalREFweb |url=http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/vorab/experte-warnt-rituelle-beschneidung-veraendert-das-gehirn-der-kinder-a-849534.html |title=Kinderschmerz-Experte warnt: Rituelle Beschneidung verändert das Gehirn der Kinder |trans-title=Children's pain expert warns: Ritual circumcision changes the brain of children |language=German |last=Prof. Dr. med. Boris Zernikow

|titlepublisher=American Academy of Pediatrics: Circumcision Policy Statement; Task Force on CircumcisionSpiegel Online |journalwebsite=Pediatrics |date=19992012-0308-12 |volumeaccessdate=103 |issue=3 |pages=6862019-93 |url=https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/103/3/686#sec10-911 |accessdateformat=2019-11-26 |notequote=Statement Reaffirmed Sept. 1, 2005}}</ref> The [[AAFP]] (2002) states quite simply in their [http://www.cirpIn unsedated and partially sedated infants increased secretion of the stress hormone cortisol could be observed for months after the operation.org/library/statements/aafp2002/| position paper]Overall, ''"Newborns experience their pain threshold was lower and the risk of chronic pain during circumcision"increased.''Regardless of these findings, infant circumcisions with insufficient or no anaesthetic are still common practice<ref>{{REFwebREFjournal |last=Garry |init=T |title=Circumcision: Position Paper on Neonatal Circumcision. Board Approved: August 2007 Reaffirmeda survey of fees and practices |journal=OBG Management |date=1994 |volume=October |issue= |websitepages=Official American Academy of Family Physicians Website34-6 |url=http://www.aafp.org/online/en/home/clinical/clinicalrecs/children/circumcision.html |accessdate=2011-05-02}}</ref> This is not a debatable fact, and yet, it is not widely accepted, even by some doctors. It might be hard for some doctors to accept, as they may have been taught that the infant does not feel [[pain]], and may have performed countless circumcisions with this idea. Usage of anesthesia for infant circumcision is still by no means the rule. Penile injections of anesthetic are now recommended by all of the major medical institutions. In their [http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/no-index/about-ama/13585.shtml Report 10 of the Council on Scientific Affairs], the AMA states ''"When the decision is made to proceed with circumcision, local anesthesia should be provided for the procedure. Ring block or dorsal penile blocks [injections] are most effective. [[EMLA]] cream has limited utility"''. Alarmingly, ''"Despite the clear evidence that newborn males generate brisk pain responses during circumcision, a recent survey of residency training programs found that 26% of programs that taught circumcision provided no instruction on the use of local anesthesia". The AMA reports that "Of physicians performing circumcision, 45% use anesthesia, 71% of pediatricians, 56% of family practitioners, and 25% of obstetricians"''.<ref>{{REFwebREFjournal |last=Howard |init=CR |last2=Howard |init2=FM |last3=Garfunkel |init3=LC |last4=de Blieck |init4=EA |last5=Weitzman |init5=M |title=Report 10 of the Council on Scientific Affairs (I-99)Neonatal circumcision and pain relief: Neonatal Circumcisioncurrent training practices |journal=Pediatrics |date=1998 |volume=101 |issue= |websitepages=American Medical Association Official Website423-8 |url=http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/no-index/about-ama/13585.shtml |accessdate=2011-05-04}}</ref> The AAP's [http://www.healthychildren.org/English/ages-stages/prenatal/decisions-to-make/pages/Where-We-Stand-Circumcision.aspx Heatlhy Children website] suggests ''"Your pediatrician (or your obstetrician) should discuss the forms of analgesia that are available"''.<ref>{{REFwebREFjournal |last=Stang |init=HJ |last2=Snellman |init2=LW |title=Where We Stand: Circumcisionpractice patterns in the United States |publisherjournal=[[AAP]]Pediatrics |date=2011-03-231998 |volume=101 |issue=e5 |pages= |url=http://www.healthychildren.org/English/ages-stages/prenatal/decisions-to-make/pages/Where-We-Stand-Circumcision.aspx |accessdate=2019-10-12 |note=Link to [[AAP]] website}}</ref> Be that as it may. During procedures which take several minutes, few forms of analgesia are recommended. There are basically two types of injections babies tend to choose from, and the website does not go fall into the difference between a 'dorsal nerve block' and a 'ring block' injection. Given what is known from aforementioned official documentsstate of stupor, which in the AAP website may be more informative and effective if it would say ''"Make sure your doctor knows of the ineffectiveness of anything short of local anesthesiapast was falsely interpreted as peaceful sleep, and make sure your baby is given an injection. This is your responsibility, because your doctor may or may not be up to date on nurturing the latest understandings of infant sensitivity to belief that babies felt no pain during circumcision."'' The AAP may be holding back, however, perhaps because this would upset the doctor/parent power relationship, and may cause too much questioning of doctors Measurements taken in general. One may not expect those cases revealed a typically 3- to find this kind of advice on such a website4-fold increase in cortisol levels, and yet, anything less than this is which equals a dangerously weak statement. To control state of severe [[painshock]], some physicians that circumcise use Tylenol, sugar,.<ref>{{REFwebREFjournal |quotelast=To calm the baby during the procedure, a sugar filled gauze pacifier soaked with sweet juice is used, and soothing music is played in the room.Gunnar |urlinit=http://www.pollockclinics.com/circumcision/circumcision-guide.htmlMR |titlelast2=Parents' Guide to CircumcisionFisch |lastinit2=RO |firstlast3=Korsvik |publisherinit3=S |datelast4=Donhowe |accessdateinit4=2011-04-08}}</ref><ref>{{REFwebJM |quotetitle=During the The effects of circumcision, your son will receive sugar pacifiers to suck on which reduce his pain perceptions.serum cortisol and behavior |urljournal=http://www.pollockclinics.com/circumcision/circumcision-before.htmlPsychoneuroendocrinology |titledate=Before the Circumcision1981 |lastvolume=6 |firstissue=3 |publisherpages=269-75 |dateurl=2011-04-08https://www.cirp.org/library/pain/gunnar/ |accessdate=20112019-0411-0826}}</ref> a topical cream* Postoperative wound pain,<ref>{{REFwebin the case of children's circumcisions conceivably worsened by the forceful breaking of the preputial adhesions. |quote=Then * Postoperative pain from the exposure of the sensitive glans penis to clothing. This pain will endure for several weeks or even longer in our office, he will have topical anesthetic applied to his penissome cases. |url=http://www* Postoperative [[bleeding]] of the wound.pollockclinicsThis can have severe consequences especially for very young infants, if they are not treated promptly.com/circumcision/circumcision-beforeTheir blood volume is only about 85 ml per kilogram of body weight, and even moderate blood loss can lead to hypovolaemia, hypovolaemic [[shock]] and even death.html |title=Before the Circumcision<ref>{{REFbook

|year=2000 |title=Paediatric Handbook |url= |work= |editors=Smart J, Nolan T. |edition=6 |volume= |chapter= |page=82 |location={{AUSC|VIC}}, Australia |publisher=Blackwell Science Asia |dateisbn= |quote=2011-04-08 |accessdate=2011-04-08 |note=}}</ref> and/or a local anaesthetic injection called a dorsal penile ring block.<ref>{{REFwebREFdocument |quotetitle=We use extensive pain control methods including Tylenol, a sugar solution (to reduce pain perceptions), a topical freezing cream, and a local anesthetic injection.Autopsy of Demetrius Manker |url=http://www.pollockclinics.com/circumcision/circumcision-guide.html |titlecontribution=Parents' Guide to CircumcisionCase 93-1711 |last=Wetli |first=CV |publisher=Miami: Dade County Medical Examiner Department |format= |date=1993-06-23 |accessdate=2011-04-08}}</ref> Topical anaesthetic only serves to numb the area to lessen the pain of the injection, but studies have shown that a dorsal penile ring block is not always effective in stopping the pain of circumcision.<ref name="Journal of Perinatology April/May 2002">{{REFjournal |last=TaeuschHiss |firstinit=H. WilliamJ |initlast2=HWHorowitz |last2init2=MartinezA |first2last3=Alma M.Kahana |init2init3=AMT |last3title=PartridgeFatal haemorrhage following male ritual circumcision |first3journal=J. ColinClin Forensic Med |init3date=JC2000 |last4volume=Sniderman7 |first4issue=Susan |init4pages=S32-4 |last5url=Armstrong-Wellshttps://www.cirp.org/library/death/hiss1/ |first5accessdate=Jennifer2019-11-06}}</ref><ref>{{REFdocument |init5title=JJudgement of inquiry into the death of McWillis, Ryleigh Roman Bryan |last6url=Fuenteshttp://www.circumstitions.com/death-Afflickexsang.html |first6contribution=Elena |init6last=ENewell |titlefirst=Pain During Mogen or Plastibell CircumcisionTEC |journalpublisher=Journal of PerinatologyBurnaby, B.C.: B.C. Coroner's Service |volumeformat=22 |issuedate=32004-01-19 |pagesaccessdate=2142019-11-826 |url=http:}}<//wwwref>* Post operative [[lymphoedema]].nature* Postoperative [[Infection| infections]].com/jp/journal/v22/n3/full/7210653aThis includes both local infections, which can be treated with local therapy, and systemic infections, requiring systemic antibiotic treatment.html<ref>{{REFconference |quotelast=Dr.med..more than half of the study group had what we considered excessive pain/discomfort over the course of the entire procedure.Hartmann |pubmedIDfirst=Wolfgang |pubmedCIDurl= |DOIplace=Rechtsausschuss des Bundestages [Legal Committee of the Bundestag] (German) |notetitle=April/May 2002Stellungnahme zur Anhörung am 26. November 2012 [Opinion on the hearing on 26 November 2012] (German) |date=20022012-11-0426 |accessdate=2011-04-08}}</ref>* [[Wound dehiscence]], meaning the separation of the edges of the wound or the tissue after suturing.* Adhesion between the surface or rim of the [[Glans penis|glans]] with the neighbouring [[penile skin]], causing [[skin]] pockets and bridges, as well as visually unpleasant results like uneven scars, which make a re-circumcision necessary.* Postoperative [[phimosis]]: a phimotic ring can develop during scarring, which makes a re-circumcision necessary. According to a study by Blalock et al.<ref name="Clinical Pediatrics August 1986">{{REFjournal |last=WilliamsonBlalock |firstinit=HJ |last2=Vemulakonda |init2=Paul S.V |initlast3=PSRitchey |last2init3=EvansML |first2last4=Nolan DonovanRibbeck |init2init4=NDM |title=Neonatal Cortisol Response to Circumcision with AnesthesiaOutpatient management of [[phimosis]] Following newborn circumcision |journal=Clinical PediatricsJ Urol |date=2003 |volume=25169 |issue=86 |pages=4122332-64 |url=httphttps://cpjwww.sagepubcirp.comorg/contentlibrary/25complications/8blalock1/412.abstract |quoteaccessdate=The adrenal cortisol response to surgery was not significantly reduced by 2019-11-26}}</ref>, the administration of lidocaineprevalence is 2.9%, according to Leitch<ref>{{REFjournal |last=Leitch |pubmedIDinit=IOW |pubmedCIDtitle=Circumcision - a continuing enigma |DOIjournal=Aust Paediatr J |date=19861970 |volume=6 |issue= |pages=59-0865 |url=https://www.cirp.org/library/general/leitch1/ |accessdate=20112019-0412-0815}}</ref> During 5.5%.* [[Sudden Infant Death Syndrome]] (SIDS).* Knot formation of the veins. If the dorsal vein, which originates in the tip of the [[foreskin]], is cut during circumcisionwithout being clamped and sutured at its origin separately, somp physicians give children sugar pacifiers it starts to "reduce develop new branches over time, which can lead to the development of knots.* Possible deformities due to circumcision include hypoplasia of the [[penis]] (micro-penis) and induratio [[penis]] plastica (skewed penis).* Medical malpractice can also not be ruled out. Injuries, partly or entirely severing the [[Glans penis|glans]] or the [[penis]] can occur.* In rare cases, [[necrosis]], gangrene, ischaemia, keloid formation, and circulatory problems may also occur.* When the circumcision is followed by the perception ultra-orthodox Jewish ritual of pain"Metzitzah B'Peh (which consists of sucking blood from the wound with the mouth), there is a risk of infection with [[herpes]] simplex type 1,which can lead to brain damage or [[death]].<ref>{{REFweb |quote=During the circumcision, your son will receive sugar pacifiers to suck on which reduce his pain perceptions. |url=http://www.pollockclinicsnytimes.com/circumcision2012/03/08/nyregion/infants-death-renews-debate-over-a-circumcision-beforeritual.html?_r=0 |title=Before the Baby’s Death Renews Debate Over a CircumcisionRitual |last=Robbins |first= |publisher=Liz |date=20112012-0403-0807 |accessdate=20112019-0410-0811}}</ref> but === Death ===A study in 2010 estimated approximately 117 neonatal circumcision-related [[Death| deaths]] occur annually in at least the [[United States]], about one studyout of every 77 male neonatal deaths, more than suffocation, auto accidents, data shows that giving sugar to a child doesn't help to reduce the perception of pain in the childor even [[SIDS]].<ref name="Lancet, The Bollinger 2010-10-09">{{REFjournal |last=SlaterBollinger |first=RebeccahDan |init=RD |first2author-link=Laura |init2=LDan Bollinger |last2=CornelissenBoy's Health Advisory |first3=Lorenzo |init3=L |last3=Fabrizi |first4=Debbie |init4=D |last4=Patten |first5=Jan |init5=J |last5=Yoxen |first6=Alan |init6=A |last6=Worley |first7=Stewart |init7title=Lost Boys: An Estimate of U.S |last7=Boyd |first8=Judith |init8=J |last8=Meek |first9=Maria |init9=M |last9=Prof. FitzgeraldCircumcision-Related Infant Deaths |titlejournal=Oral sucrose as an analgesic drug for procedural pain in newborn infantsThymos: a randomised controlled trial |journal=The LancetJournal of Boyhood Studies |volume=3764 |issue=97481 |pages=122578-3290 |url=http://www.thelancetmensstudies.com/journalscontent/lancetb64n267w47m333x0/article/PIIS0140-6736%2810%2961303-7/fulltext?p=7ebbd6b446d940cbbd4274c095754b12π=5 |quote=Our data suggest that oral sucrose does not significantly affect activity in neonatal brain or spinal cord nociceptive circuits, and therefore might not be an effective analgesic drug. The ability of sucrose to reduce clinical observational scores after noxious events in newborn infants should not be interpreted as pain relief.

|DOI=10.3149/thy.0401.78 |date=2010-04-26 |accessdate=2019-10-0912}}</ref><ref>{{REFweb |accessdateurl=http://www.icgi.org/2010/04/infant-circumcision-causes-100-deaths-each-year-in-us |title=Infant circumcision causes 100 deaths each year in US |last= |first= |publisher=ICGI |website=[[International Coalition for Genital Integrity]] |date=20112010-04-0826 |accessdate=}}</ref> Post-operative pain and the pain See also the child must endure during recovery is hardly, if ever, addressed by professionalslist of [[fatalities]].

It has been shown that an infant's response to [[pain]] can be altered for years as a consequence of == Forced circumcision.<ref>{{TaddioA etal 1995}}</ref><ref>{{TaddioA KatzJ IlersichAL KorenG 1997}}</ref>=={{Box|Boxtext=<big><b>However, none of the above three procedures totally eliminate pain. A baby boy will still experience some pain despite any of those analgesic procedures. Prevention of [[pain]] requires protecting a boy from elective neonatal non!--therapeutic circumcision. Only boys who are protected from the medically unnecessary circumcision surgery experience no [[pain]] or [[trauma]].</b></big>}} === Sexual effects United States military === Circumcision and frenectomy remove tissues with heightened erogenous sensitivityAmerican soldiers serving in World War II were subjected to regular inspections of their genitals. Boyle et al. (2002) wroteIf intact, "the genitally intact male has thousands of fine touch receptors and other highly erogenous nerve endings&mdash;many of which are lost soldiers risked being ordered to undergo immediate circumcision."<ref>{{REFjournalREFbook |last=BoyleSchoen |first=Gregory J.Ed |init=GJE |author-link=Gregory BoyleEdgar J. Schoen |first2year=Gillian A.2005 |init2title=GAOn Circumcision |last2url=Bensley |titlehttps://books.google.de/books?id=Adverse Sexual and Psychological Effects of Male Infant Circumcision-zUhdvSt7cgC |journalwork=Psychological reports |volumeeditor=88Dianne Yeakey |issueedition=3, Part 2 |pagesvolume=1105–6 |urlchapter=http://www.cirp.org/library/psych/boyle5/ |quotepages=72-3 |pubmedIDlocation=11597060Georgetown, Canada |pubmedCIDpublisher=RDR Books |DOIisbn=10.1046/j.14641-157143-123-410x.1999.0830s1085.x3 |datequote=July 2001For a critical view, see Sorrells, "The History of Circumcision," p. 333

|note=}}</ref> They concluded, "Evidence has also started to accumulate that This practice was discontinued at least six decades ago.-->=== Non-therapeutic circumcision of male circumcision may result in lifelong physical, sexual, and sometimes psychological harm as well."children ===

The Human babies, because they are not yet in possession of language, are incapable of giving or refusing consent to be [[amputationcircumcised]] . The element of force has led some scholars to view the circumcision of baby boys as a category of forced circumcision.<ref>For example, Frederick M. Hodges, a medical historian, writes: "In the prepuce results in late 1970s, as the loss Americans were growing increasingly aware of the majority abuses of fine-touch neuroreceptors found in power rampant throughout the [[penis]]nation's social institutions, leaving only influential grass-roots movements protesting the uninhibited protopathic sensibility forced circumcision of the artificially externalized American children sprang up nationwide." F. Hodges, "A Short History," p. 31; see also [[glans penisLeonard B. Glick|Glick]], ''Marked in Your Flesh'', pp. The imbalance caused by not having 273-281.</ref> There are, however, physicians in the input from the now ablated fineUnited States who argue strongly for non-touch receptors may be therapeutic circumcision of newborn babies; and circumcision is widely accepted as a leading cause of the changes postnatal procedure in sexual behavior noted in [[circumcised]] human malesAmerican hospitals.<ref>{{REFjournalREFbook |last=Van HoweFletcher |first=Christopher R. |init=RSCR |author-linkyear=Robert S. Van Howe1999 |last2title=ColdCircumcision in America in 1998: Attitudes, Beliefs, and Charges of American Physicians |init2url=CJhttp://www.springerlink.com/content/h2150v731233m177/ |titlework=Advantages Male and Disadvantages of Neonatal Female Circumcision |journaleditors=[[George C. Denniston]], [[Frederick M. Hodges]], [[Marilyn Fayre Milos]] |edition=The Journal of the American Medical Association |volume=277 |issuechapter=13Section 5 |pages=1052259-771 |urllocation=New York |publisher=http:Kluwer Academic//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9218663Plenum Publishers |isbn=

|pubmedIDaccessdate=92186632019-10-12 |pubmedCIDnote=ID 10.1007/978-0-585-39937-9_19}}</ref> Parental consent is required.<ref>See, e.g., Shephard and Shephard, ''The Complete Guide'', p. 125.</ref> A statement published by the [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] in 1999 claimed that "parents should determine what is in the best interest of the child... It is legitimate for parents to take into account cultural, religious, and ethnic traditions, in additions to the medical factors, when making a decision."<ref>Lannon and Bailey, "Circumcision Policy Statement," p. 691.</ref> however surrogate consent for non-therapeutic circumcision is now viewed as unethical. In the [[United Kingdom]], where non-therapeutic circumcision has now become far less prevalent than in the [[United States]], the written consent of both parents is required, if a physician is to perform a non-therapeutic circumcision of a child.<ref>{{REFjournal |last= |first= |title=Re J (child's religious upbringing and circumcision) |DOIjournal=Family Court Reports |date=19972000 |volume=1 |issue= |pages=307-04-0214 |url=https://www.cirp.org/library/legal/Re_J/2000.html |accessdate=2019-10-12}}</ref> (The National Health Service does not provide non-therapeutic circumcision.) In recent years, legal writers in several English-speaking countries have been questioning the practice of acceding to parental wishes.<ref>See, e.g., [[Margaret A. Somerville|Somerville]], "Therapeutic and Non-Therapeutic Medical Procedures"; Poulter, ''English Criminal Law''; [[Abbie Chessler|Chessler]], "Justifying the Unjustifiable"; Smith, "Male Circumcision."</ref> For example, critics have pointed out that, in the [[United States]], more than 1.3% of male neonatal deaths are attributable to the complications of non-therapeutic circumcision surgery.<ref name="Bollinger 2010"/>==Video=====Is circumcision healthy?===The video ''Is Circumcision Healthy'' is recommended for parental viewing.<br><br> <youtube>D_3LQjZgdbQ</youtube>

Histology of the male ===Dr. Christopher Guest discusses circumcision scar shows [[amputation]] neuromas, Schwann cell proliferation and the bulbous collection of variably sized neurites. [[Amputation]] neuromas do not mediate normal sensation and are notorious for generating pain.===<br><ref nameyoutube>v="ColdCJ TaylorJR 1999"TQIp9f4krVQ</youtube>

=== Death Plastibel circumcision===A study in 2010 estimated approximately 117 neonatal circumcision-related deaths occur annually in the United States, about one out of every 77 male neonatal deaths, more than suffocation, auto accidents, or even [[SIDS]].<ref name="Bollinger 2010">{{REFjournal UNI|last=Bollinger Stanford University|first=Dan |init=D |authorSU}} has published a video of an actual non-link=Dan Bollinger |last2=Boy's Health Advisory |title=Lost Boys: An Estimate of Utherapeutic plastibell circumcision.S. Circumcision-Related Infant Deaths |journal=Thymos: Journal The infant has received two injections of Boyhood Studies |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=78-90 |url=http://wwwlocal anesthesia to deaden the dorsal nerves.mensstudiesThe ventral nerves were not deadened so the infant still feels pain.com/content/b64n267w47m333x0/?p=7ebbd6b446d940cbbd4274c095754b12π=5 |quote= |pubmedID= |pubmedCID= |DOI=10.3149/thy.0401One can his cries on the soundtrack.78 |date=2010-04-26 |accessdate=2019-10-12}}</ref><ref>{{REFweb |url=http* [https://wwwmed.icgistanford.orgedu/2010newborns/04professional-education/infant-circumcision/plastibell-causes-100-deaths-each-year-in-us |title=Infant circumcision causes 100 deaths each year in US |last= |first= |publisher=ICGI |website=[[International Coalition for Genital Integrity]technique.html Plastibell Technique] |date=2010-04-26 |accessdate=}}</ref> See also the list of [[fatalities]].

== Forced =Gomco clamp circumcision ===

American soldiers serving in World War II were subjected to regular inspections This is a video of their genitalsan actual circumcision with a Gomco clamp. If intact, the soldiers risked being ordered The infant boy received two dorsal penile nerve block (DPNB) analgesic injections but they did not seem to undergo immediate circumcision.<ref>{{REFbook |last=Schoen |first=Ed |init=E |author-link=Edgar J. Schoen |year=2005 |title=On Circumcision |url=https://books.google.de/books?id=-zUhdvSt7cgC |work= |editor=Dianne Yeakey |edition= |volume= |chapter= |pages=72-3 |location=Georgetown, Canada |publisher=RDR Books |isbn=1-157143-123-3 |quote=For a critical view, see Sorrells, "The History of Circumcision," p. 333 |accessdate= |note=}}</ref> This practice was discontinued at least six decades ago.-->

Human babies, ==Recommendations of medical authorities==* [[George Hill| Hill]] (2007) said:<blockquote>Male circumcision is harmful because they are not yet in possession of language, are incapable of giving or refusing consent for being circumcisedit excises healthy tissue and permanently impairs beneficial physiological functions. The element of force has led some scholars Male circumcision also causes psychological problems that tend to view perpetuate the cycle of abuse. Male circumcision of baby boys as is a category costly diversion of forced medical resources away from beneficial services. Male circumcision.<ref>For exampleviolates legal rights, [[human rights]], Frederick Mand ethical standards. HodgesFinally, a medical historian, writes: "In we must remember that males are the late 1970s, as the Americans were growing increasingly aware more vulnerable and sensitive of the abuses of power rampant throughout the nation's social institutionstwo genders and, therefore, influential grass-roots movements protesting deserve the forced circumcision greater degree of American children sprang up nationwide." F. Hodgesprotection from traumatic, "A Short Historyinvasive," p. 31; see also [[Leonard B. Glick|Glick]]injurious, ''Marked in Your Flesh'', ppand unnecessary surgery. 273-281.</ref> There are, however, physicians in For all of these reasons the United States who argue strongly for non-therapeutic circumcision of newborn babies; boys should not be performed and circumcision is widely accepted as a postnatal procedure in American hospitalsthe [[genital integrity]] of all children should be respected and protected.<refname="hill2007">{{REFbookREFjournal |last=FletcherHill |first=Christopher R.George |init=CRG |yearauthor-link=1999George Hill |title=Circumcision in America in 1998: Attitudes, Beliefs, and Charges of American PhysiciansThe case against circumcision |urljournal=http://www.springerlink.com/content/h2150v731233m177/ |work=Male Journal of Men's Health and Female Circumcision |editors=[[George C. Denniston]], [[Frederick M. Hodges]], [[Marilyn Fayre Milos]]Gender |editiondate=2007 |volume=4 |chapterissue=Section 53 |pages=259318-7123 |locationurl=New York |publisher=Kluwer Academichttps://www.academia.edu/8367383/Plenum Publishers |isbn=The_Case_Against_Circumcision

|accessdatepubmedID= |pubmedCID=2019-10-12 |noteDOI=ID 10.1007/978-0-585 |accessdate=2021-3993705-9_1930}}</ref> Parental consent is required.<ref/blockquote>See, e.g* Andrew E.MacNeiiy, Shephard and ShephardHead, ''The Complete Guide''Division of Pediatric Urology, p. 125.</ref> A statement published by the American Academy Department of Pediatrics in 1999 declares that "parents should determine what is in the best interest Urological Sciences, {{UNI|University of the child... It is legitimate for parents to take into account culturalBritish Columbia|UBC}}, religiousVancouver, and ethnic traditionsBC, in additions to the medical factors, when making a decision."(2008) said:<refblockquote>Lannon and BaileyNewborn circumcision remains an area of controversy. Social, "Circumcision Policy Statementcultural," p. 691.</ref> In aesthetic and religious pressures form the United Kingdom, where most common reasons for non-therapeutic circumcision has now become far less prevalent than . Although penile cancer and UTIs are reduced compared with uncircumcised males, the incidence of such illness is so low that circumcision cannot be justified as prophylaxis. The role of the foreskin in [[HIV]] transmission in developed countries is unclear, and safe sexual practice remains the United States, cornerstone of prevention. There remains a written consent lack of knowledge regarding what constitutes the normal foreskin both among parents is required, if and among primary care providers. This lack of knowledge results in a physician is burden of costs to perform a non-therapeutic our health care system in the form of unnecessary urological referrals, expansion of wait times and circumcisions. Routine circumcision of all infants is not justified from a childhealth or cost-benefit perspective.<ref>{{REFjournal |last=MacNeily |first=Andrew |init= |author-link= |etal=no |title=Re J (child's religious upbringing and Routine circumcision): the opposing view |trans-title= |language= |journal=Family Court ReportsCan Urol Assoc J |location= |date=20002007-11

|issue=4 |article= |page= |pages=307395-147 |url=http://www.cirpeuropepmc.org/libraryarticle/legalPMC/Re_J2422979 |pubmedID=18542825 |pubmedCID= |DOI=10.5489/2000cuaj.html455 |accessdate=20192021-1011-1208}}</ref> (The National Health Service does not provide non-therapeutic circumcision.) In recent years, legal writers in several English-speaking countries have been questioning the practice of acceding to parental wishes.<ref>See, e.g., [[Margaret A. Somerville|Somerville]], "Therapeutic and Non-Therapeutic Medical Procedures"; Poulter, ''English Criminal Law''; Chessler, "Justifying the Unjustifiable"; Smith, "Male Circumcision."</ref> For example, critics have pointed out that, in the United States, more than 1.3% of male neonatal deaths are attributable to the complications of non-therapeutic circumcision surgery.<ref name="Bollinger 2010"/blockquote>

==Video=====Is circumcision healthy?===* The video ''Is Circumcision Healthy'' is recommended for parental viewing.<br><br> <youtube>D_3LQjZgdbQ</youtube>[[Royal Dutch Medical Association]] (KNMG) (2010) said:

<blockquote>The official viewpoint of KNMG and other related medical/scientific organisations is that non-therapeutic circumcision of male minors is a violation of children’s rights to autonomy and physical integrity. Contrary to popular belief, circumcision can cause complications – [[bleeding]], infection, [[urethra]]l stricture and panic attacks are particularly common. KNMG is therefore urging a strong policy of deterrence. KNMG is calling upon doctors to actively and insistently inform parents who are considering the procedure of the absence of medical benefits and the danger of complications.<ref>{{REFdocument |title=Non-therapeutic circumcision of male minors |url==Drhttps://www.doctorsopposingcircumcision. Christopher Guest discusses org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/knmg-non-therapeutic-circumcision-of-male-minors-27-05-2010.pdf |contribution= |last= |first= |publisher=Royal Dutch Medical Association |format=PDF |date=2010 |accessdate=2021-11-08}}<br/ref><youtube>v=TQIp9f4krVQ</youtubeblockquote>

{{UNI|Stanford University|SU}} <blockquote>Ethical and [[human rights]] concerns have been raised regarding elective infant male circumcision because it is recognised that the foreskin has published a video of an actual functional role, the operation is non-therapeutic plastibell circumcision. The and the infant has received two injections of local anesthesia is unable to deaden the dorsal nerves. The ventral nerves were not deadened so the infant still feels pain. One can his cries on the soundtrackconsent.* [https://med.stanford.edu/newborns/professional-education/circumcision/plastibell-technique.html Plastibell Technique]

After reviewing the currently available evidence, the RACP believes that the frequency of diseases modifiable by circumcision, the level of protection offered by circumcision and the complication rates of circumcision do not warrant routine infant circumcision in Australia and New Zealand. However it is reasonable for parents to weigh the benefits and risks of circumcision and to make the decision whether or not to circumcise their sons.<ref name="racp2010">{{REFdocument |title=Circumcision of Infant Males |url=Gomco clamp https://www.racp.edu.au//docs/default-source/advocacy-library/circumcision-of-infant-males.pdf |contribution= |last= |first= |publisher=The Royal Australasian College of Physicians |format=PDF |date=2010-09-01 |accessdate=2021-11-08}}</ref></blockquote>

This is a video of an actual circumcision with a Gomco clamp. The infant boy received two dorsal penile nerve block * Medical historian [[Robert Darby]] (DPNB2014) analgesic injections but they did not seem to workwrote simply:<blockquote>"To avoid circumcision complications, avoid circumcision."<ref>{{REFjournal |last=Darby |first= |init=R |author-link=Robert Darby |etal=no |title=To avoid circumcision complications, avoid circumcision |trans-title= |language= |journal=Can Urol Assoc J |location= |date=2014-08-14 |volume=8 |issue=7-8 |article= |page=231 |pages=* [ |url=https://wwwcuaj.redditca/index.comphp/journal/article/rview/Intactivism1709/comments1823 |archived= |quote= |pubmedID= |pubmedCID= |DOI=10.5489/qbpzqrcuaj.1709 |accessdate=2022-12-16}}</trained_medical_professionals_restrain_infant_toref></ Circumcision videoblockquote>* The [[Canadian Paediatric Society]](CPS) (2015) said:

==Recommendations of medical authorities==* [[George Hill| Hill]] (2007) said:<blockquote>Male circumcision In most jurisdictions, authority is harmful because it excises healthy tissue and permanently impairs beneficial physiological functions. Male circumcision also causes psychological problems that tend limited only to interventions deemed to perpetuate the cycle of abusebe medically necessary. Male circumcision In cases in which medical necessity is not established or a costly diversion of medical resources away from beneficial services. Male circumcision violates legal rights, [[human rights]], and ethical standards. Finally, we must remember that males are the more vulnerable and sensitive of the two genders and, therefore, deserve the greater degree of protection from traumatic, invasive, injuriousproposed treatment is based on personal preference,and unnecessary surgery. For all of these reasons the non-therapeutic circumcision of boys interventions should not be performed and deferred until the [[genital integrity]] of all children should be respected and protectedindividual concerned is able to make their own choices.<ref name="hill2007CPS2015">{{REFjournal |last=HillSorokin |first=George |init=G |author-link=George Hill |title=The case against circumcision |journal=Journal of Men's Health and Gender |date=2007 |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=318-23 |url=https://www.academia.edu/8367383/The_Case_Against_Circumcision |quote= |pubmedID= |pubmedCID= |DOI= |accessdate=2021-05-30}}</ref></blockquote>* Andrew E. MacNeiiy, Head, Division of Pediatric Urology, Department of Urological Sciences, {{UNI|University of British Columbia|UBC}}, Vancouver, BC, (2008) said: <blockquote>Newborn circumcision remains an area of controversyS. Social, cultural, aesthetic and religious pressures form the most common reasons for non-therapeutic circumcision. Although penile cancer and UTIs are reduced compared with uncircumcised males, the incidence of such illness is so low that circumcision cannot be justified as prophylaxis. The role of the foreskin in [[HIV]] transmission in developed countries is unclear, and safe sexual practice remains the cornerstone of prevention. There remains a lack of knowledge regarding what constitutes the normal foreskin both among parents and among primary care providers. This lack of knowledge results in a burden of costs to our health care system in the form of unnecessary urological referrals, expansion of wait times and circumcisions. Routine circumcision of all infants is not justified from a health or cost-benefit perspective.<ref>{{REFjournal |last=MacNeily |first=AndrewTodd |init=ST

|etallast2=Finlay |first2=JC |author2-link= |last3=noJeffries |titlefirst3=Routine circumcision: the opposing viewAL |transauthor3-titlelink= |etal=yes |languagetitle=Newborn male circumcision |journal=Can Urol Assoc JPaediatr Child Health

|date=20072015-1108 |volume=120 |issue=4 |article= |page=6 |pages=395311-720 |url=httphttps://europepmcwww.ncbi.orgnlm.nih.gov/articlepmc/PMCarticles/2422979PMC4578472/ |quote= |pubmedID=1854282526435672 |pubmedCID=4578472 |DOI=10.54891093/cuajpch/20.4556.311 |accessdate=20212019-1110-0827}}</ref></blockquote>

* The [[Royal Dutch Medical Canadian Urological Association]] (KNMGCUA) (2010) saidconsidered the matter of circumcision and issued a statement in February 2018. The CUA concluded:

<blockquote>The official viewpoint of KNMG "Given the socioeconomic, educational status, and other related medical/scientific organisations is that non-therapeutic circumcision of male minors is a violation health demographics of children’s rights to autonomy and physical integrity. Contrary to popular beliefour population, universal neonatal circumcision can cause complications – [[bleeding]], infection, [[urethra]]l stricture and panic attacks are particularly common. KNMG is therefore urging a strong policy of deterrence. KNMG is calling upon doctors to actively and insistently inform parents who are considering the procedure of cannot be justified based on the absence of medical benefits and the danger of complicationscurrent evidence available.<refname="cua2018">{{REFdocumentREFjournal |last=Dave |first=Sumit |init=S |author-link= |etal=yes |title=NonCanadian Urological Association guideline on the care of the normal foreskin and neonatal circumcision in Canadian infants (abridged version) |journal=Can Urol Assoc J |location= |date=2018-therapeutic circumcision of male minors02 |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=18-28 |url=https://wwwcuaj.doctorsopposingcircumcisionca/index.orgphp/wp-contentjournal/uploadsarticle/2016view/095034/knmg-non-therapeutic-circumcision-of-male-minors-27-05-2010.pdf3470 |contributionquote= |lastpubmedID= |firstpubmedCID= |publisherDOI=Royal Dutch Medical Association |format=PDF |date=2010 |accessdate=2021-11-0809}}</ref></blockquote>==British family court opinion==The issue of non-therapeutic circumcision of male children came before the court in the case of ''[[Re B and G (children) (No 2) EWFC 3]] (2015)'' . In that case, Judge Sir James Munby ruled that circumcision of male children caused ''significant harm''. == Rights and ethics == The [[Rights situation on circumcision|rights situation]] is discussed in a separate article.

* The [[Royal Australasian College of PhysiciansImage:Intact vs circumcised.JPG |thumbnail|right|300px| The intact and circumcised human penis, side by side.]] (2010) said:

<blockquote>Ethical The term "circumcision" without a gender qualifier refers specifically to male circumcision. It means "to cut around," and it refers to the [[human rightsexcision]] concerns have been raised regarding elective infant male circumcision because it is recognised that of the [[foreskin has ]] from the penis. The term is inaccurate and a functional role, euphemism because the operation is non-therapeutic and actually cuts off or [[amputation| amputates]] the infant is unable to consent[[foreskin]], which in adults comprises about fifteen square inches of highly functional erogenous tissue.

After reviewing the currently available evidence, the RACP believes that the frequency of diseases modifiable by circumcision, the level of protection offered by circumcision and the complication rates of circumcision do not warrant routine infant circumcision Circumcision is most often performed in Australia healthy males for [[Religion and New ZealandCulture|religious or cultural]] reasons. However The procedure may be performed on consenting adults, but it is reasonable for parents to weigh most often performed on non-consenting minors, particularly newborn children, which is why the benefits and risks ritual is so controversial. Opponents of circumcision and to make consider the decision whether or not to circumcise their sons.<ref name="racp2010">{{REFdocument |title=Circumcision of Infant Males |url=https://www.racp.edu.au//docs/default-source/advocacy-library/circumcision-ofnon-infant-malesconsenting minors to be unethical and a [[human rights]] violation, unless there is concrete [[medical indication]].pdf |contribution= |last= |first= |publisherConsent by surrogates =The Royal Australasian College of Physicians |format=PDF |date=2010-09-01 |accessdate=2021-11-08}}</ref></blockquote> * The [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] (AAP) has not re-affirmed its disastrous, failed 2012 Circumcision Policy Statement, which expired in 2017, so currently Medical ethics has no position long recognized limitations on child circumcisionthe power of consent by surrogates. * Medical historian [[Robert Darby]] (2014) wrote simply:<blockquote>"To avoid circumcision complications, avoid circumcision."<ref>{{REFjournal |last=Darby |first= |init=R |author-link=Robert DarbyCommittee on Bioethics, American Academy of Pediatrics

|title=To avoid circumcision complicationsInformed consent, avoid circumcisionparental permission, and assent in pediatric practice

|journal=Can Urol Assoc JPediatrics

|date=2014-08-141995 |volume=895 |issue=7-82

|page=231 |pages=314-17 |url=https://cuajwww.ca/indexcirp.php/journalorg/articlelibrary/viewethics/1709AAP/1823

|pubmedID=7478854

|DOI=10.5489/cuaj.1709 |accessdate=20222023-1205-1621}}</ref></blockquote>* The [[Canadian Paediatric Society]] (CPS) (2015) said: <blockquote>In most jurisdictions, authority is limited only to interventions deemed to be medically necessary. In cases in which medical necessity is not established or a proposed treatment is based on personal preference, interventions should be deferred until the individual concerned is able to make their own choices.<ref name="CPS2015">{{REFjournal |last=SorokinCommittee on Bioethics |firstetal=S. Toddno |inittitle=ST |authorInformed Consent in Decision-link= |last2=FinlayMaking in Pediatric Practice |first2=JC |author2trans-linktitle= |last3=Jeffries |first3=AL |author3-link= |etal=yes |titlelanguage=Newborn male circumcision |journal=Paediatr Child HealthPediatrics

|date=20152016-08 |volume=20138 |issue=62 |article= |page=e20161485 |pages=311-20 |url=https://wwwwatermark.ncbisilverchair.nlmcom/peds_20161485.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4578472/pdf?token=AQECAHi208BE49Ooan9kkhW_Ercy7Dm3ZL_9Cf3qfKAc485ysgAAApwwggKYBgkqhkiG9w0BBwagggKJMIIChQIBADCCAn4GCSqGSIb3DQEHATAeBglghkgBZQMEAS4wEQQM8zYHFd0Ylu9Annq_AgEQgIICT24ikc839aJMYOiypqC2G9f7_yKGAGkAekzzbCtck5TElALWVCGNoVSOaA6rDA_dOkQ_LyJnxYlZ88J9-uk15tvlIBbE82_aNyYfq5e9xmEfqD2vh374q3Naz57dxZaUbgxUkKX4PqsiLmYHLvVrr7bQK2MZuuUOKiQU8JZy7lLjkp-PjJO1U9cyIplTAgs_EdvgK8MWWoIsj-X-ZUDImAG63-rlj_qLsy5dYwytmxfCuVa47RdZseLSr2_bdDpwKAKGhq_Ly9rlHZeW_f7fYktVfF_sFTgcJziAlvEQmdyWIw0qf-hlO31Qb3sH6kDdcvHAbm7llY5xa34XLYIt8QR0YFIimgDGFliN4-ce2vjvvrwS85WeeNFhpn-Ywn4Qjpy06hPuLDL-MtI2Z3BZbBsKq4dp8qGu1q9GlXaKw193riTFG9G5bF5GCKmxmt0nCQTthrb_CcK2UhKjZwPekC9zkIUHPZ9BXJt0SM03F_g-GgqbE0hTYKMqNdJ3sHDQu2luFrJ9JEiMzxtP28gJoYh20d2APA0xrRbXBYsFdAlr50gb1BSAbNJhTyx-Kh3geoSHsAYMjPaG7cIbh0jd42pWCUx30vjlAGK8zXTuf7-31oi81CLbHTAJLuzK3NT4Whi17jVq1SbXsIXlWpKc_d-HujCvlb74rkZQ6RG9wkxW7gAKaDqtKv5zTOTMBD9vLVxgp8lDmVA8PFB59Bqd6w-fi86tW132oWQM-mTfwdIBXFbUFXkeTUC5RYyqJQIXAEwLJSRm1RX-LRbKRzgaRQ |archived=

|pubmedID=2643567227456510 |pubmedCID=4578472 |DOI=10.10931542/pch/20peds.6.3112016-1485 |format=PDF |accessdate=20192023-1005-2721}}</ref></blockquote> * The [[Canadian Urological Association]] (CUA) considered the matter of circumcision and issued a statement in February 2018. The CUA concluded: <blockquote>"Given the socioeconomic, educational status, and health demographics of our population, universal neonatal circumcision cannot be justified based on the current evidence available.<ref name="cua2018">{{REFjournal |last=DaveCommittee on Bioethics |first|etal=Sumitno |inittitle=SInformed Consent in Decision-Making in Pediatric Practice |authortrans-linktitle= |etallanguage=yes |title=Canadian Urological Association guideline on the care of the normal foreskin and neonatal circumcision in Canadian infants (abridged version) |journal=Can Urol Assoc JPediatrics

|date=20182016-0208 |volume=12138

|article= |page=e20161484 |pages=18-28 |url=https://cuajwatermark.silverchair.cacom/indexpeds_20161484.php/journal/article/view/5034/3470pdf?token=AQECAHi208BE49Ooan9kkhW_Ercy7Dm3ZL_9Cf3qfKAc485ysgAAApwwggKYBgkqhkiG9w0BBwagggKJMIIChQIBADCCAn4GCSqGSIb3DQEHATAeBglghkgBZQMEAS4wEQQMYv3coRY-UCYMgTaqAgEQgIICT4di03qn2Hbho3i8Li_78lod0lNMunch25nx1rKvaM_aeFerz5eN6_k8VVeNv-DLocZp28whQr1x4WYDVwSs4uF73vZpYZYuDphYQkwxV1HHgMbZAbHBFuE8QyCHyDvSY-fhQcUl-JrYxa3TbhYgd4bKiU9zfIyXUsCnItroCc9iNrMicPg0v_A0AJJlhxioOlAU-im6OPI06OcCBj78yqkPO0J4nMTN1FLochsOyvZZdtFQQzLhrnM_Gey8K75lFYIBJHA7uzMmP2o5KZ-FTGUkEA_eSpEIpwv2WI4SbtrA8WYk3cQqXOmLIWjkSs9CTELD7CQP29xarr1ANrF_id4CiCX7zIomC2Ciz9lHBEgz8EH2i9Woke_YuZeLax52_6JpdhH1qdMQyF1bByjP8mU98V5_B4BPPiBpKt4pVA_UgtaABRHL8oPv6SwOUQZ2Bc-0_E2tod0VIF1FJBwZRZJm2ZkJPgBSKUo8VBe5Pz_6Vpt2DqLzwqVUYscPsIJMvxl09mMtvJrsBa8yVoTRWj4Rd0OBTMV7zhZskDnYYyrAZ6sHMk0MzvbHilPNbNgU5o7mXmcbFGDgGgWbqrIdT6sVSSfPJm4TnR0HSWbc_EnHhhyye7tVlFGjAsR0R46_DSwEMz8M5DkSln8xfKtX_so9rjCvYeq45wqn09g8DqtV-WHEA9PIrcw5kTcz5I0JkNuW4-vKVU1Xz9XHiYi4Zqbq0vx9NWLdNSYHQSOGMZ1MCAxT152evQdipQB5wokR8Q4rICoJYII5bsmRMYd7JQ |archived=

|pubmedID=27456514

|DOI=10.1542/peds.2016-1484 |format=PDF |accessdate=20212023-1105-0921}}</ref></blockquote>==British family court opinion==The issue of non-therapeutic circumcision of male children came before the court in the case of ''[[Re B and G (children) (No 2) EWFC 3]] (2015)'' . In that case, Judge Sir James Munby ruled that circumcision of male children caused ''significant harm''. == Rights and ethics ==

The Two ethicists, Myers & Earp (2020), have conducted a detailed review and analysis of the claimed medical benefits of ''non-therapeutic'' [[Rights situation on circumcision|rights situation]] is discussed in a separate article. [[Image:Intact vs circumcised.JPG |thumbnail|right|300px| The intact and circumcised human penisThey have determined than the alleged benefits are not material, side so they do not support granting of consent by sidea surrogate.]] The term "circumcision" without a gender qualifier refers specifically to male In other words, ''Non-therapeutic'' circumcisionis not truly healthcare. It means "to cut aroundMoreover," and it refers to they comment that even the most perfectly executed surgery produces [[excisiontrauma]] of the [[foreskin]] from and harm to the penispatient. The term is inaccurate Circumcision also produces tissue loss and a euphemism because loss of function, therefore, circumcision should be performed only after the operation actually cuts off or [[amputation| amputates]] individual reaches the [[foreskin]], which in adults comprises about fifteen square inches age of highly functional erogenous tissueconsent.  Circumcision is most often performed in healthy males <u>Consent by a surrogate for [[Religion and Culture|religious or cultural]] reasons. The procedure may be performed on consenting adults, but it is most often performed on a ''non-consenting minors, particularly newborn children, which is why the ritual is so controversial. Opponents of circumcision consider the therapeutic'' circumcision of non-consenting minors to be unethical and a [[human rights]] violation, unless there minor child is concrete [[medical indication]]an unethical practice.</u><ref name="myers2020">{{REFjournal |last=Myers |first= |init= Consent by surrogates A |author-link= |last2=Earp |first2=Medical ethics has long recognized limitations on the power of consent by surrogates.<ref>{{REFjournal |init2=BD |lastauthor2-link=Committee on Bioethics, American Academy of Pediatrics Brian D. Earp

|title= Informed consent, parental permission, What is the best age to circumcise? A medical and assent in pediatric practiceethical analysis

|journal=PediatricsJ Biosoc Sci

|date=19952020-09 |volume=9534 |issue=2 |article= |page=7 |pages=314560-1772 |url=https://wwwonlinelibrary.cirpwiley.orgcom/librarydoi/ethicsabs/AAP10.1111/bioe.12714

|pubmedID=747885432068898

|DOI=10.1111/bioe.12714 |accessdate=2023-05-2118}}</ref> == Tipping point ==[[Intact America]] (2024) argues that public opinion regarding non-therapeutic [[circumcision]] of children is approaching or at a "tipping point" at which [[intact]] genitals would be preferred over the [[circumcised]] variety.<ref>{{REFjournalREFweb |lasturl=Committee https://intactamerica.org/public-opinion-on Bioethics |etal=no-circumcision/ |title=Informed Consent in Decision-Making in Pediatric Practice Public Opinion on Circumcision: Can Intactivists Hit A Tipping Point? |trans-titlelast=Anonymous |languagefirst= |journalinit=Pediatrics |locationpublisher=Intact America |date=20162024-03-0823 |volumeaccessdate=1382024-04-09}}</ref>{{SEEALSO}}* [[Adolescent and adult circumcision]]* [[Bodily harm]]* [[Breastfeeding]]* [[Case Histories]]* [[Circumcision maps]]* [[Circumcision methods]]* [[Circumcision scar]] |issue=2* [[Circumpendium]]* [[Circumstraint]]* [[Documented severe complications of circumcision]]* [[Ethics of non-therapeutic child circumcision]]* [[FGM]]* [[Human rights]]* [[Lymphoedema]]* [[MGM]]* [[Pain]]* [[Psychological issues of male circumcision]]* [[Rights situation on circumcision]]* [[Risks and complications]]* [[Sexual effects of circumcision]]* [[Sudden Infant Death Syndrome]] (SIDS)* [[Trauma]] |article={{LINKS}} |page=e20161485 |pages=* {{REFweb |url=https://watermarkwww.silverchaircirp.comorg/library/anatomy/garcia/peds_20161485.pdf?token=AQECAHi208BE49Ooan9kkhW_Ercy7Dm3ZL_9Cf3qfKAc485ysgAAApwwggKYBgkqhkiG9w0BBwagggKJMIIChQIBADCCAn4GCSqGSIb3DQEHATAeBglghkgBZQMEAS4wEQQM8zYHFd0Ylu9Annq_AgEQgIICT24ikc839aJMYOiypqC2G9f7_yKGAGkAekzzbCtck5TElALWVCGNoVSOaA6rDA_dOkQ_LyJnxYlZ88J9-uk15tvlIBbE82_aNyYfq5e9xmEfqD2vh374q3Naz57dxZaUbgxUkKX4PqsiLmYHLvVrr7bQK2MZuuUOKiQU8JZy7lLjkp-PjJO1U9cyIplTAgs_EdvgK8MWWoIsj-X-ZUDImAG63-rlj_qLsy5dYwytmxfCuVa47RdZseLSr2_bdDpwKAKGhq_Ly9rlHZeW_f7fYktVfF_sFTgcJziAlvEQmdyWIw0qf-hlO31Qb3sH6kDdcvHAbm7llY5xa34XLYIt8QR0YFIimgDGFliN4-ce2vjvvrwS85WeeNFhpn-Ywn4Qjpy06hPuLDL-MtI2Z3BZbBsKq4dp8qGu1q9GlXaKw193riTFG9G5bF5GCKmxmt0nCQTthrb_CcK2UhKjZwPekC9zkIUHPZ9BXJt0SM03F_g-GgqbE0hTYKMqNdJ3sHDQu2luFrJ9JEiMzxtP28gJoYh20d2APA0xrRbXBYsFdAlr50gb1BSAbNJhTyx-Kh3geoSHsAYMjPaG7cIbh0jd42pWCUx30vjlAGK8zXTuf7-31oi81CLbHTAJLuzK3NT4Whi17jVq1SbXsIXlWpKc_d-HujCvlb74rkZQ6RG9wkxW7gAKaDqtKv5zTOTMBD9vLVxgp8lDmVA8PFB59Bqd6w-fi86tW132oWQM-mTfwdIBXFbUFXkeTUC5RYyqJQIXAEwLJSRm1RX-LRbKRzgaRQ |archivedtitle=What exactly is circumcision and what is it not? |quotelast=Garcia |pubmedIDfirst=27456510Francisco |pubmedCIDdate= |DOI=10.1542/peds.20161995-12-1485 |format=PDF11 |accessdate=20232020-0509-2108}}</ref> <ref>* {{REFjournal |last=Committee on BioethicsFleiss ||etalfirst=noPaul |titleinit=Informed Consent in Decision-Making in Pediatric PracticeP |transauthor-titlelink=Paul M. Fleiss |languagetitle=The foreskin is necessary |journal=Pediatrics |location=Mothering |date=20161997-0801 |volume=138 |issue=2 |articlepages=36-45 |pageurl=e20161484http://www.noharmm.org/mothering.htm |pagesaccessdate=2020-06-29}}*{{REFweb |url=https://watermark15square.silverchairorg.comuk/peds_20161484.pdf?token=AQECAHi208BE49Ooan9kkhW_Ercy7Dm3ZL_9Cf3qfKAc485ysgAAApwwggKYBgkqhkiG9w0BBwagggKJMIIChQIBADCCAn4GCSqGSIb3DQEHATAeBglghkgBZQMEAS4wEQQMYv3coRYlosses-UCYMgTaqAgEQgIICT4di03qn2Hbho3i8Li_78lod0lNMunch25nx1rKvaM_aeFerz5eN6_k8VVeNvfrom-DLocZp28whQr1x4WYDVwSs4uF73vZpYZYuDphYQkwxV1HHgMbZAbHBFuE8QyCHyDvSYcircumcision/ |title=Losses from Circumcision |last=Ball |first=Peter |publisher=15 Square |date=2003-fhQcUl08-JrYxa3TbhYgd4bKiU9zfIyXUsCnItroCc9iNrMicPg0v_A0AJJlhxioOlAU09 |accessdate=2023-im6OPI06OcCBj78yqkPO0J4nMTN1FLochsOyvZZdtFQQzLhrnM_Gey8K75lFYIBJHA7uzMmP2o5KZ02-FTGUkEA_eSpEIpwv2WI4SbtrA8WYk3cQqXOmLIWjkSs9CTELD7CQP29xarr1ANrF_id4CiCX7zIomC2Ciz9lHBEgz8EH2i9Woke_YuZeLax52_6JpdhH1qdMQyF1bByjP8mU98V5_B4BPPiBpKt4pVA_UgtaABRHL8oPv6SwOUQZ2Bc-0_E2tod0VIF1FJBwZRZJm2ZkJPgBSKUo8VBe5Pz_6Vpt2DqLzwqVUYscPsIJMvxl09mMtvJrsBa8yVoTRWj4Rd0OBTMV7zhZskDnYYyrAZ6sHMk0MzvbHilPNbNgU5o7mXmcbFGDgGgWbqrIdT6sVSSfPJm4TnR0HSWbc_EnHhhyye7tVlFGjAsR0R46_DSwEMz8M5DkSln8xfKtX_so9rjCvYeq45wqn09g8DqtV-WHEA9PIrcw5kTcz5I0JkNuW4-vKVU1Xz9XHiYi4Zqbq0vx9NWLdNSYHQSOGMZ1MCAxT152evQdipQB5wokR8Q4rICoJYII5bsmRMYd7JQ23}}* {{REFweb |archivedurl=http://members.tranquility.net/~rwinkel/MGM/primer.html |quotetitle=Male Circumcision in the USA: A Human Rights Primer |pubmedIDlast=27456514Winkel |pubmedCIDfirst=Rich |DOIauthor-link=10.1542/peds.2016-1484Rich Winkel |formatdate=PDF2005-05-12 |accessdate=20232021-0501-2127}}</ref>

Two ethicists, Myers & Earp (2020), have conducted a detailed review and analysis of the claimed medical benefits of ''non-therapeutic'' [[circumcision]]. They have determined than the alleged benefits are not material, so they do not support granting of consent by a surrogate. In other words, ''Non-therapeutic'' circumcision is not truly healthcare. Moreover, they comment that even the most perfectly executed surgery produces [[trauma]] and harm to the patient. Circumcision also produces tissue loss and loss of function, therefore, circumcision should be performed only after the individual reaches the age of consent. <u>Consent by a surrogate for a ''non-therapeutic'' circumcision of a minor child is an unethical practice.</u><ref name="myers2020">* {{REFjournal |last=MyersTesta |first=Patrick |init=A

|last2=EarpBlock |first2=Walter E. |init2=BD |author2-link=Brian D. Earp

|title=What is the best age to circumcise? A medical Libertarianism and ethical analysiscircumcision

|journal=Int J Biosoc SciHealth Poiicy Manag

|date=20202014-0905-26 |volume=343 |issue=7 |article= |page= |pages=56033-7240 |url=https://onlinelibrarywww.wileyacademia.com/doiedu/abs/10.11117587653/bioe.12714 |archived= |quoteLibertarianism_and_Circumcision?email_work_card=view-paper |pubmedID=3206889824987720 |pubmedCID=4075101 |DOI=10.111115171/bioeijhpm.2014.1271451 |accessdate=2023-05-18}}</ref> {{SEEALSO}}* [[Adolescent and adult circumcision]]* [[Breastfeeding]]* [[Case Histories]]* [[Circumcision maps]]* [[Circumcision methods]]* [[Circumcision scar]]* [[Circumpendium]]* [[Circumstraint]]* [[Documented severe complications of circumcision]]* [[Ethics of non-therapeutic child circumcision]]* [[FGM]]* [[Human rights]]* [[Lymphoedema]]* [[MGM]]* [[Pain]]* [[Psychological issues of male circumcision]]* [[Rights situation on circumcision]]* [[Risks and complications]]* [[Sexual effects of circumcision]]* [[Sudden Infant Death Syndrome]] (SIDS)* [[Trauma]]{{LINKS}}

|url=httphttps://www.cirpintaction.org/library/anatomy/garciawhat-is-circumcision/ |title=What exactly is circumcision and what is it not? |last=GarciaSimone |first=FranciscoJudy |author-link= |publisher=Intaction |website=https://intaction.org/ |date=19952020-1207-1126 |accessdate=2020-0910-0804 |format= |quote=

|last=FleissDeacon |first=Paul |init=PM |author-link=Paul M. Fleiss |last2=Muir |first2= |init2=G |author2-link= |etal=no |title=The foreskin What is necessarythe medical evidence on non-therapeutic child circumcision? |trans-title= |language= |journal=MotheringInt J Impot Res |location= |date=19972022-01-08 |volume=

|pagesarticle=36-45 |urlpage=http://www.noharmm.org/mothering.htm |accessdatepages=2020-06-29}}*{{REFweb |url=https://15squarewww.orgnature.ukcom/articles/lossess41443-from021-circumcision/00502-y |titlearchived=Losses from Circumcision |lastquote=Ball |firstpubmedID=Peter34997197 |publisherpubmedCID=15 Square |dateDOI=200310.1038/s41443-021-0800502-09y |accessdate=2023-0204-2330

|url=httphttps://membersintactamerica.tranquilityorg/pros-and-cons-of-circumcision/ |title=Pros and Cons of Circumcision (Spoiler: You’ve Been Lied to) |last=Garrett |first= |init=CJ |publisher=Intact America |date=2023-11-10 |accessdate=2024-03-22}}* {{REFweb |url=https://intactamerica.netorg/~rwinkelgroups-who-pressure-you-to-circumcise/ |title=The 4 Authority Figures and Groups Who Will Pressure You to Circumcise (and What You Can Do) |last=Anonymous |first= |init= |publisher=Intact America |date=2024-01-24 |accessdate=2024-01-27}}* {{REFweb |url=https:/MGM/primerintactamerica.htmlorg/keeping-your-sons-penis-intact/ |title=Male Circumcision in the USAKeeping Your Son’s Penis Intact: A Human Rights Primer Guide for Parents |last=WinkelAnonymous |first=Rich |init= |publisher=Intact America |date=20052024-0501-1224 |accessdate=20212024-01-2729

 * {{REFjournalREFweb |url=https://intactamerica.org/timeline-of-circumcision-suffering/ |title=A Timeline of Circumcision Suffering: A Detailed Look |last=TestaAnonymous |first=Patrick

|author-link= |last2=Block |first2=Walter E. |init2= |author2-link= |etal=no |title=Libertarianism and circumcision |trans-title= |language= |journal=Int J Health Poiicy Manag |locationpublisher=Intact America |date=20142024-0502-2602 |volume=3 |issue= |article= |pageaccessdate= |pages=332024-40 |url=https://www.academia.edu/7587653/Libertarianism_and_Circumcision?email_work_card=view02-paper |pubmedID=24987720 |pubmedCID=4075101 |DOI=10.15171/ijhpm.2014.5109 |accessdate=}}{{REF}}