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'''Adolescent and adult circumcision''' is rare when compared to the millions upon millions of medically-unnecessary, non-therapeutic [[Circumcision| circumcisions ]] of boys that are carried out in Islamic [[Islam]]ic nations, [[Israel]], the [[United States]], and elsewhere, however they are promoted by a [[medical trade association]] and its members.
[[Rosemary Romberg]] commented on adult circumcision in the [[United States]]:
<blockquote>
<i>In the United States doctors tend to consider the [[foreskin ]] as something "dispensible."
…
It is difficult to ascertain the true percentage of actual need for adult circumcision among [[intact ]] males. In a circumcision-oriented society such as ours many doctors prescribe the operation for conditions which could be resolved, often easily, without resort to surgery.…</i><ref>{{REFbook
|last=Romberg
|first=Rosemary
==Consent==
Male [[circumcision ]] is an ''elective'' surgical [[amputation]] of the [[foreskin]] part of the [[penis]]. Legally, the patient or his surrogate must grant [[Informed consent| ''informed'' consent]] before the surgery can be performed. A surrogate's powers are limited to granting consent for medically-indicated and necessary surgerydiagnosis and treatment of existing disease.<ref name="myers2020">{{REFjournal
|last=Myers
|first=
}}</ref> which would be lost through [[amputation]] if consent should be granted.
[[Issues_with_American_urologists_and_the_practice_of_male_circumcision| Urologic surgeons ]] in the [[United States]] derive a substantial fee from the performance of a [[circumcision]], so some may have a [[bias]] in favor of circumcision and [[Issues_with_American_urologists_and_the_practice_of_male_circumcision#Issues_with_care_of_adult_intact_males| may inappropriately recommend adult circumcision to patients]] when a conservative treatment would be satisfactory or even when no treatment is necessary. Patients should be wary and do their own research before granting consent for an <u>irreversible</u> [[circumcision]].
==Reasons for circumcision==
All circumcisions are injurious because they amputate a [http://www.intactaus.org/information/functionsoftheforeskin/ multi-functional body part], but in rare cases the benefit obtained by removing a deformed, diseased, or damaged foreskin may be of more value than the amputated [[foreskin]].
* Deformed foreskins — The common type of deformed foreskin is the narrow non-retractable foreskin of [[phimosis]]. Circumcision was the traditional treatment for phimosis, however circumcision is less performed today because newer conservative treatments are now available that preserve the [[foreskin ]] and its many useful functions.
* Diseased foreskins — Diseases for which circumcision may be indicated include [[Penile cancer|malignant tumor]],[[Balanitis xerotica obliterans| lichen sclerosis]], recurrent yeast infection in diabetic males (after conservative treatment fails),<ref name="verma2011">{{REFjournal
}}</ref> recurrent [[balanoposthitis]], and gangrene.
* Damaged foreskins — This includes any type of physical [[trauma ]] and injury that is beyond surgical repair. Zipper injury does not require circumcision.<ref name="flowerdew1977">{{REFjournal
|last=Flowerdew
|init=R
They reported the indications for adult circumcision are uncommon. The most common is [[phimosis]].
They recommended [[dorsal penile nerve block ]] or [[ring block ]] local anesthesia for the [[pain]] of circumcision surgery.
[[Informed consent]] must be obtained. They stated:
<blockquote>
Specifically, the patient should be told about the risks of [[bleeding]], hematoma formation, [[infection]], inadvertent damage to the [[glans]], removal of too much or too little [[skin]], aesthetically unpleasing results, and a change of sensation during intercourse. The patient should also be informed that, during the postoperative period, [[erection]]s can cause pain and [[Wound dehiscence| disruption of the suture line ]] that may require replacement of the sutures. Full recovery following circumcision generally requires four to six weeks of abstinence from all genital stimulation and sexual activity.<ref name="holman1999" />
</blockquote>
Recovery from an adult circumcision is frequently said to be six weeks.
===Complications===
Erections tend to be painful and may cause [[wound dehiscence]].<ref name="wang2023">{{REFjournal
|last=Wang
|first=
}}</ref>
There is danger of [[infection]] until the [[circumcision ]] wound heals closed.<ref name="wang2023" />
===Lymphoedema===
[[Lymphoedema]] of the [[penis]] is a normal and expected [[complication]] of male adult circumcision due to the adverse effect on blood circulation. Ferhatoglu et al. (2019) reported edema in 108 of 198 patients or 54.5 percent.<ref>{{REFjournal
Masood et al. (2005) suggested "before circumcision, men should be warned of the long-term consequences (penile sensations and effect on erectile function) as well as be talked through the more traditional subjects (peri-operative complications)."<ref name="masood2005" />
Kim & Pang (2007) studied the effect of adult circumcision on 138 males in [[South Korea]]. They concluded:<blockquote>There were no significant differences in sexual drive, [[erection]], [[ejaculation]], and ejaculation latency time between [[circumcised ]] and [[uncircumcised ]] men. Masturbatory pleasure decreased after circumcision in 48% of the respondents, while 8% reported increased pleasure. Masturbatory difficulty increased after circumcision in 63% of the respondents but was easier in 37%. About 6% answered that their sex lives improved, while 20% reported a worse sex life after circumcision.<ref>{{KimDS PangMG 2007}}</ref>
</blockquote>
===Other adverse effects===
# Circumcision causes both physical and psychic [[trauma]].
# Circumcision severs blood vessels and disrupts blood circulation in the [[penis]]. This frequently causes [[lymphoedema]] and [[erection]] difficulties.
# Circumcision invariably excises the [[ridged band]].
# Circumcision is a surgical [[amputation]] of functional tissue. The various [https://foreskinfunction.org/ functions] cease to operate. If the patient does not like the results, it cannot be reversed or undone.
# Recovery from adolescent or adult circumcision is slow and painful. [[Erection]]s are painful because the [[skin]] is stretched and the sutures are stressed. [[Wound dehiscence]] may occur.
===Tuli===
[[Tuli]] is a [[genital mutilation ]] rite of boys and adolescents practiced in the Philippine Islands.
{{SEEALSO}}
* [[Stretching]]
* [[Trauma]]
{{LINKS}}
====Medical circumcision====* {{REFwebREFjournal |urllast=http://www.circumstitions.com/Resent.htmlHolman |title=The tip of the iceberg: Men who resent being circumcised |lastfirst=Young |firstinit=HughJR
|author-link=
|publisherlast2=CircumstitionsStuessi |websitefirst2= |init2=KA |author2-link= |etal=no |title=Adult circumcision |trans-title= |language= |journal=American Family Physician |location= |date=1999-03-15 |season= |volume=59 |issue=6 |article= |accessdatepage=2020 |pages=1514-12-2918 |url=https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/1999/0315/p1514.html |formatarchived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=10193593
|accessdate=2024-05-03
}}
* {{REFjournal
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=httphttps://wwwdavidlouis77.intactauswordpress.orgcom/2010/men05/08/adult-circumcisedcircumcision-my-experience-2-years-on/comment-aspage-adults4/#comment-24567 |title=Men Circumcised As AdultsAdult Circumcision: My experience two years on. |last=Louis |first=David |author-link= |publisher=Intact AustraliaDavidLouis77's Blog |website=wordpress.com |date=20172010-05-0308 |accessdate=2020-12-29 |format= |quote=}}* {{REFweb |url=http://www.circumstitions.com/Resent.html |title=The tip of the iceberg: Men who resent being circumcised |last=Young |first=Hugh |author-01link= |publisher=Circumstitions |website= |date= |accessdate=2020-12-2129
|format=
|quote=
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=httpshttp://davidlouis77www.wordpressintactaus.comorg/2010/05/08/adult-circumcision-my-experience-2-yearsmen-on/commentcircumcised-pageas-4adults/#comment-24567 |title=Adult Circumcision: My experience two years on. |last=Louis |first=David |author-link=Men Circumcised As Adults |publisher=DavidLouis77's Blog |website=wordpress.comIntact Australia |date=20102017-0503-0801 |accessdate=2020-12-2921
|format=
|quote=
|date=2017-07-17
|accessdate=2021-02-14
}}
* {{REFdocument
|title=Circumcision (Complete Removal of the Foreskin}
|url=https://www.baus.org.uk/_userfiles/pages/files/Patients/Leaflets/Circumcision.pdf
|contribution=
|last=
|first=
|publisher=British Association of Paediatric Surgeons
|format=PDF
|date=2020-12
|accessdate=2024-02-12
}}
* {{REFweb
|journal=Cult Health Sex
|location=
|date=20222021-0501-29
|volume=24
|issue=5
|accessdate=2022-10-14
}}
* NSFW {{REFweb |url=httphttps://wwwintactamerica.ulwaluko.co.zaorg/adult-circumcision-cost/Complications.html |title=UlwalukoAdult Circumcision Cost: ComplicationsThe Profit Motives and Hidden Toll |accessdatelast=2020-12-21Anonymous}} |first=* NSFW {{REFweb |init= |urlpublisher=http://www.ulwaluko.co.za/Photos.htmlIntact America |titledate=Ulwaluko: Photos2024-03-07 |accessdate=20202024-1203-2110
}}
====Traditional circumcision====
* NSFW [[Ulwaluko]]
{{REF}}
[[Category:Body modification]]
[[Category:Male circumcision]]
[[Category:Male genital mutilation]]
[[Category:Penile surgery]]
[[de:Jugendlichen- und Erwachsenenbeschneidung]]