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→Modern foreskin restoration: Wikify.
== Modern foreskin restoration ==
Since the 1970s a new movement of [[foreskin restoration]] has emerged mainly in the [[United States ]] not originating from social, religious, or political demands. With non-therapeutic male infant circumcision being well established in America, more and more adult [[circumcised ]] males are disturbed by the fact that the shape and function of their body had been altered after birth. Their main complaint is the loss of function; the prepuce is not just seen as a part of the human [[skin]] but referred to as a [[Foreskin#Sensory_functions| sensory organ]] of the body.<ref name="sorrells2007">{{Sorrells etal 2007}}</ref> Circumcision results in a lack of this organ and furthermore in a decrease of lubrication and sensibility of the glans because of increasing keratinization of the epithelium. Others are disturbed by the outer appearance of their circumcised penis and want to regain the natural status of a covered [[glans ]] for physical and emotional wholeness and aesthetic body imaging. Some are additionally irritated by the feeling of being mutilated as an infant without the chance to have a free choice of their genital status. A high percentage of these patients even resent their parents, doctors, or culture for their [[circumcision]].<ref name="schultheiss1998"/><ref name="watson2017">{{REFjournal
|last=Watson
|first=Lindsay R.
In 1981, Mohl presented the first detailed analysis of psychiatric aspects in a group of eight patients seeking prepuce restoration. He described several psychological disorders in these patients as narcissistic and exhibitionistic body image, depressions, major defects in early mothering, and ego pathology. Nowadays the understanding of the psychological motivations for uncircumcision is increasing, and the problem is dealt with more seriously.<ref name="watson2017" />
In 1963 Penn from Johannesburg, after performing a proximal circular incision and pulling forward the [[penile skin]] to form a new [[prepuce]], covered the denuded shaft with a "free graft", not indicating from where he took this graft.<ref name="penn1963" />
An American medical doctor had a surgical reconstruction of his foreskin performed in the 1970s. He recently released a NSFW report on his surgical foreskin restoration.<ref>{{REFweb
}}</ref> His report does not represent current practice.
Goodwin covered the same defect in 1990 by implantation of the [[penis ]] into the scrotum first and then liberating it in a second stage.<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Goodwin
|first=Willard E.
}}</ref>
One of the simplest methods involved the implantation of a small platinum ring within the tip of the "foreskin." The ring held the [[skin]] in place over the [[glans]], resulting in a "created phimosis" (meaning that the [[skin]] could not be retracted while the ring was in place). The hope was to generate enough new [[skin]] to permanently re-cover the glans after the ring was removed. As it turned out the [[skin]] that was left was a fibrous, raised band where the platinum ring had been lodged and there was not enough [[skin]] to cover the [[glans]].<ref name="bigelow1994">{{REFjournal
|last=Bigelow
|first=Jim