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,→Attempts to link lack of circumcision to HIV infection: Add text and citation.
[[Gregory J. Boyle|Boyle]] & [[George Hill|Hill]] (2011) studied their reports and found disabling methodological and statistical errors that invalidated their purported findings.<ref name="boyle-hill2011">{{BoyleGJ HillG 2011}}</ref>
A circumcision program in Kenya failed to reduce the incidence of HIV infection. In fact, the incidence of infection rose from 3.5% to 3.8%. The circumcision program was deemed to be a total failure.<ref>{{REFnews
|title=Big Blow as circumcision of LUO MEN fails to reduce HIV/AIDS infections in Nyanza
|url=https://www.cirp.org/news/2013/2013-09-11_kenyandailypost.php
|last=Anonymous
|first=
|init=
|author-link=
|publisher=The Kenyan Daily Post (Nairobi)
|website=
|date=2013-09-13
|accessdate=2024-09-13
|quote=However, according to the new survey, the efforts seem to have exacerbated the situation as HIV infection increased from the previous 14.9% to 15.1%.
}}</ref>
[[Robert S. Van Howe|Van Howe]] & [[Gregory J. Boyle|Boyle]] (2018) further elaborated on these findings and suggested possible coordination between the RCTs and hinted at the possibility of fraud.<ref name= "vanhowe2018">{{REFjournal