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Add information about immunology; about pain; about lymphoedema
=== Hygiene reasons ===
''Hygiene'' refers to health and only secondarily to cleanliness.
One should note that the human foreskin is endowed by nature with [[Foreskin#Immunological_functions| immunological functions]] that serve to protect the human body from disease.<ref name="fleiss-hodges-vanhowe1998">{{REFjournal
|last=Fleiss
|first=P.
|author-link=Paul M. Fleiss
|last2=Hodges
|first2=F.
|author2-link=Frederick M. Hodges
|last3=Van Howe
|first3=R.S.
|author3-link=Robert S. Van Howe
|title=Immunological functions of the human prepuce
|journal=Sex Trans Infect
|date=1998-10
|volume=74
|issue=5
|pages=364-67
|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1758142/pdf/v074p00364.pdf
|quote=
|pubmedID=10195034
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=
|accessdate=2019-10-15
}}</ref> The glans penis receives blood through the frenular artery.<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Persad
|first=R.
|author-link=
|last2=Sharma
|first2=S.
|author2-link=
|last3=McTavish
|first3=J.
|author3-link=
|etal=yes
|title=Clinical presentation and pathophysiology of meatal stenosis following circumcision
|journal=Brit J Urol
|date=1995
|volume=75
|issue=1
|pages=91-3
|url=https://www.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1464-410X.1995.tb07242.x
|quote=
|pubmedID=7850308
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1111/j.1464-410x.1995.tb07242.x
|accessdate=2019-11-26
}}</ref> These facts are generally overlooked in arguments for alleged hygienic benefits of circumcision.
A common reason stated for circumcision is the assumption of hygienic benefits. This argument has to be viewed in the context of the environment the person in question grows up in. It is commonly known that bad hygienic circumstances, especially insufficient access to clean drinking water, pose a serious problem. The situation in disaster areas or refugee camps in the so-called third world keep reminding us of that.
}}</ref>
* Postoperative wound pain, in the case of children's circumcisions conceivably worsened by the forceful breaking of the preputial adhesions.
* Postoperative pain from the exposure of the sensitive glans penis to clothing. This pain will endure for several weeks or even longer in some cases.
* Postoperative bleeding of the wound. This can have severe consequences especially for very young infants, if they are not treated promptly. Their blood volume is only about 85 ml per kilogram of body weight, and even moderate blood loss can lead to hypovolaemia, hypovolaemic shock and even death.<ref>{{REFbook
|last=
|accessdate=
}}</ref>
* Post operative [[lymphoedema]].
* Postoperative infections. This includes both local infections, which can be treated with local therapy, and systemic infections, requiring systemic antibiotic treatment.<ref>{{REFconference
|last=Dr. med. Hartmann