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|DOI=10.2147/IJGM.S17875
|accessdate=2020-12-19
}}</ref> and recurrent [[balanitis| balanoposthitis]].
* Damaged foreskins — This is includes any type of physical trauma and injury which is beyond surgical repair. Zipper injury usually does not require circumcision. <ref name="flowerdew1977">{{REFjournal |last=Flowerdew |first=R |init= |author-link= |last2=Fishman |first2=I J |init2= |author2-link= |last3=Churchill |first3=B M |init3= |author3-link= |etal=no |title=Management of penile zipper injuries |trans-title= |language= |journal=J Urol |location= |date=1977-05 |volume=117 |issue=5 |article= |page=671 |pages= |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/treatment/zipper/flowerdew/ |archived= |quote= |pubmedID=859209 |pubmedCID= |DOI= 10.1016/s0022-5347(17)58581-x |accessdate=2020-12-20}}</ref> <ref>{{REFjournal |last=Chalfin |first=Laura |init= |author-link= |etal=no |title=Win one for the zipper |trans-title= |language=English |journal=Emerigency Medicine |location= |date=1989-03-30 |volume=21 |issue=6 |article= |page= |pages=05 |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/treatment/zipper/chalfin/ |archived= |quote= |pubmedID= |pubmedCID= |DOI= |accessdate=2020-12-20}}</ref>
Some adult males may seek non-therapeutic circumcision because of a conversion to Judaism or Islam. Others may simply want a circumcision because they like the physical appearance, to fit into a society where most men are circumcised, or for some personal whim.
===A word to intact teens===
Boys are born with a [[foreskin]] that is non-retractable. The inner surface is fused with the[[glans penis]] by a [[synechia]]. Also the tip of the foreskin is too narrow to retract. As a boy gets older, the synechia disintegrates and releases the foreskin and the foreskin gets wider as a boy ages, so the foreskin gradually becomes retractable. Some boys go through puberty but find that their foreskin is still to narrow to permit retraction. The traditional way of addressing this issue was to consult a urologist and get a circumcision, however we now understand that in the vast majority of cases, manual stretching over a few months will widen the foreskin by [[tissue expansion]], make the foreskin retractable and eliminate the need for a destructive circumcision.
==Methods of adult circumcision==