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| quote= | url=http://www.icgi.org/2010/04/infant-circumcision-causes-100-deaths-each-year-in-us | title=Infant circumcision causes 100 deaths each year in US | last= | first= | publisher=ICGI | website=International Coalition for Genital Integrity | date=2010-04-26 | accessdate=
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===Christianity===
Jesus was born into a Jewish family in Israel, where Judaism was the prevailing religion, so He was circumcised on the eighth day.<ref name="luke2:21>{{REFweb
|url=https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Luke+2%3A21&version=NASB
|title=Gospel of Luke
|last=Luke
|first=
|publisher=NASB
|website=Bible Gateway
|url=http://www.cirp.org/pages/cultural/christian.html
|title=The Holy Bible, Circumcision, False Prophets, and Christian Parents
|last=Hill
|first=George
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/history/encyclopaediabritannica1876/
|title=Circumcision
|last=Cheyne
|first=T. K.
Initially, circumcision was adopted as a way to stop boys and men from masturbating, where masturbation was seen as the cause for many diseases. As the myth that circumcision prevented [[masturbation]] became debunked, advocates of circumcision began the great search to find the "medical benefits" of circumcision.
Male and female circumcision involves the removal and disruption of normal anatomical structures that are primary areas of sexual sensation.<ref name="taylor1996" /> In the past, some advocates of mass circumcision have considered the prepuce to be a "mistake of nature,"<ref><nowiki>!--{{Cold and Wiswell (1995)}} | [[Template:Cold and Wiswell (1995)|see more]]</nowiki></p></ref--> but this notion has no validity because the prepuce is ubiquitous in primates and because it provides functional advantages.<ref name="cold-mcgrath1995">{{REFbook
|last=Cold
|first=Christopher
|issue=4
|pages=301-10
}}</ref>.
In the 1940s, prostate and tongue cancer as well as STDs. Eugene H. Hand (1949) falsely explains that circumcision somehow protects against venereal diseases and tongue cancer.<ref name="hand1949">{{REFjournal
|issue=3
|pages=341-346
}}</ref>.
In the 1950s it was cervical cancer. Abraham Ravich (1951) invents the myth that circumcision reduces the risk of women getting cervical cancer.<ref name="ravich1951">{{REFjournal
|pubmedID=14853120
|accessdate=2019-10-12
}}</ref>
In the late 1960s it was neuroses. Morris Fishbein (1969) calls for circumcision to prevent nervousness and, of course, [[masturbation]].<ref>{{REFbook
|DOI=10.1056/NEJM198610303151818
|accessdate=2019-11-20
}}</ref>
Retrospectively, circumcision was always advertised as a cure for whatever disease was in the public spotlight at the time. [[Doctors Opposing Circumcision]] (2016) states:
|url=https://www.doctorsopposingcircumcision.org/for-professionals/alleged-medical-benefits/
|title=Alleged Medical Benefits
|publisher=Doctors Opposing Circumcision
|website=
|accessdate=2019-11-15
}}</ref>
* Urinary tract infections (UTI): a UTI can be effectively treated with antibiotics, this was also proven by studies.<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=McCracken
|init=G
|url=
|accessdate=
}}</ref>. A Swedish study <ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Mårild
|init=S
}}</ref>
* It can be concluded that circumcision is ineffective as a preventive measure against UTIs.
* Penile and cervical cancer / HPV: first studies on those diseases and their assumed prevention by circumcision date back to 1932, a time when the cause for those illnesses was not yet fully understood.<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Wolbarst
|init=A
|url=
|accessdate=
}}</ref>. Today, it is known that sexually transmitted human papillomavirus (HPV) is a major risk factor<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=McCance
|init=DJ
''Hygiene'' refers to health and only secondarily to cleanliness.
One should note that the human foreskin is endowed by nature with [[Foreskin#Immunological_functions| immunological functions]] that serve to protect the human body from disease.<ref name="fleiss-hodges-vanhowe1998" /> The glans penis receives blood through the frenular artery.<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Persad
|init=R
|pubmedID=3749823
|accessdate=
}} </ref><ref>{{REFweb
|url=http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1016016-overview
|title=Meatal Stenosis
To control pain, some physicians that circumcise use Tylenol, sugar,<ref>{{REFweb
| quote=To calm the baby during the procedure, a sugar filled gauze pacifier soaked with sweet juice is used, and soothing music is played in the room. | url=http://www.pollockclinics.com/circumcision/circumcision-guide.html | title=Parents' Guide to Circumcision | last= | first= | publisher= | work= | date= | accessdate=2011-04-08
}}</ref><ref>{{REFweb
| quote=During the circumcision, your son will receive sugar pacifiers to suck on which reduce his pain perceptions. | url=http://www.pollockclinics.com/circumcision/circumcision-before.html | title=Before the Circumcision | last= | first= | publisher= | work= | date=2011-04-08 | accessdate=2011-04-08
}}</ref> a topical cream,<ref>{{REFweb
| quote=Then in our office, he will have topical anesthetic applied to his penis. | url=http://www.pollockclinics.com/circumcision/circumcision-before.html | title=Before the Circumcision | last= | first= | publisher= | work= | date=2011-04-08 | accessdate=2011-04-08
}}</ref> and/or a local anaesthetic injection called a dorsal penile ring block.<ref>{{REFweb
| quote=We use extensive pain control methods including Tylenol, a sugar solution (to reduce pain perceptions), a topical freezing cream, and a local anesthetic injection. | url=http://www.pollockclinics.com/circumcision/circumcision-guide.html | title=Parents' Guide to Circumcision | last= | first= | publisher= | work= | date= | accessdate=2011-04-08}}</ref> Topical anaesthetic only serves to numb the area to lessen the pain of the injection, but studies have shown that a dorsal penile ring block is not always effective in stopping the pain of circumcision.<ref name='"Journal of Perinatology April/May 2002'">{{REFjournal
|last=Taeusch
|first=H. William
|date=2002-04
|accessdate=2011-04-08
}}</ref><ref name='"Clinical Pediatrics August 1986'">{{REFjournal
|last=Williamson
|first=Paul S.
|accessdate=2011-04-08
}}</ref> During circumcision, somp physicians give children sugar pacifiers to "reduce the perception of pain",<ref>{{REFweb
| quote=During the circumcision, your son will receive sugar pacifiers to suck on which reduce his pain perceptions. | url=http://www.pollockclinics.com/circumcision/circumcision-before.html | title=Before the Circumcision | last= | first= | publisher= | work= | date=2011-04-08 | accessdate=2011-04-08}}</ref> but in at least one study, data shows that giving sugar to a child doesn't help to reduce the perception of pain in the child.<ref name='"Lancet, The 2010-10-09'">{{REFjournal
|last=Slater
|first=Rebeccah
|accessdate=2019-10-12
}}</ref><ref>{{REFweb
}}</ref> See also the list of [[fatalities]].