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Hodges (2001) reported, ''Lipodermos'' is the name given by the Greeks to the condition of having a deficient [[foreskin]]. According to Hodges:
<blockquote>
Through the development of the concept of ''lipodermos'', Greek medicine gave to Greek civilization a scientific reinforcement of its disapproval of the violations of [[genital integrity]] occurring in the Near East. This ethos posited not only that a [[circumcised ]] [[penis ]] is a deviation from the natural—although natural — although that is of real importance—but importance — but that a [[circumcised ]] penis is a defective and disfigured [[penis]], one that can be repaired by medical treatment. Medicine and law thereby entered into a mutually supportive relationship: [[circumcision ]] was against the law because it mutilated its victims, but, taken to the next logical level in this medico-ethical argument, it was also against the law because it necessarily inflicted a state of ''lipodermos'' on its victims.<ref name="hodges2001">{{REFjournal
|last=Hodges
|first=Frederick M.
==Ancient surgical epispasm==
Hall reported that surgery was necessary for epispasm.,<ref name="hall1991" />however that is not correct.
==Ancient tissue expansion for epispasm==
}}</ref>
In Greek terminology, a person who had undergone the procedure of [[stretching ]] the [[Foreskin| prepuce]] was known as ''epispastikós'', the stretched one (epispasmós = pull-over). Similarly, the Romans addressed him as ''recutitio'', the reskinned (cutis = [[skin]]), not differentiating by this term whether it was done surgically or nonsurgically.<ref name="schultheiss1998" />
==Epispasm in the present day==
The technique was lost but it was rediscovered in the late Twentieth Century by a group of American men who called themselves Brothers United for Future Foreskins ([[BUFF]]). Epispasm, now known as ''non-surgical foreskin [[restoration]]'', seems to be of ever-increasing popularity in the Twenty-first Century among [[circumcised]] men and even circumcised teenagers as young as 13 years of age.<ref>The popular REDDIT website has a sub-reddit for restoring teens that was started by a thirteen-year-old teen-age restorer. At least one other participant gives his age as thirteen.</ref>
{{SEEALSO}}
* [[Foreskin restoration]]
{{REF}}
[[Category:Education]]
[[Category:History]]
[[Category:Foreskin restoration]]
[[Category:Judaism]]
[[Category:Physiology]]