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Add category.
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|accessdate=2022-10-28
}}</ref> Circumcisions were carried out without any kind of pain relief, analgesia, or sedation. The surgical amputation of the highly sensitive [[foreskin]] was done with a wide awake non-anesthetized infant, who would do his best to escape from the intense [[pain]] and [[trauma]] of amputative surgery, so a restraint device was needed so that no greater physical injury was done to the infant than the intended injury of foreskin amputation.
It is now known that infant boys feel [[pain]] fully and more intensely than adults.<ref name="anand1987">{{REFjournal
|DOI=10.1056/NEJM198711193172105
|accessdate=2022-10-28
}}</ref> It is dangerous to give newborn infants general anesthesia, so the only possible pain relief is local nerve block, which is now recommended if a [[circumcision]] is to be done. These are of doubtful efficacy because of multiple nerve pathways in the [[penis]], so baby boys still kick and scream, making the Circumstraint still necessary if a [[circumcision]] is to be done. Parents are reminded that infant circumcision is an unnecessary, non-therapeutic surgical [[amputation]] that does not cure or prevent disease and may does permanently harm infant boys by loss of the protective, immunological, sexual, and sensory functions of his [[foreskin]].<ref name="uberoi2022">{{REFjournal
|last=Uberoi
|first=Megha
|init3=DA
|author3-link=
|etal=yes
|title=Potentially under-recognized late-stage physical and psychosexual complications of non-therapeutic neonatal penile circumcision: a qualitative and quantitative analysis of self-reports from an online community forum
[[Category:Genital surgery]]
[[Category:Parental information]]
[[Category:Trauma]]
[[Category:USA]]