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}}</ref>
The United States is unique in having a [[circumcision industry]] that aggressively promotes the practice of medically-unnecessary, non-therapeutic, harmful infant [[circumcision]]. The decline of the unnecessary practice has been slowed by payments for unnecessary circumcision by various government heath programs and by continual encouragement and promotion of circumcision by the [[circumcision industry]]. However, the practice of non-therapeutic [[circumcision]] of boys is now in gradual decline.
Despite the financially self-serving promotional efforts of the [[circumcision industry]], the incidence of non-therapeutic [[circumcision]] of infant boys was reported to have continued its slow decline to 52.1 percent in 2016.<ref name="jacobson2021">{{REFjournal
==History==
===Colonial and early 19th century===
Jews have lived in America since before the Revolutionary War. They have always practiced [[Jewish circumcision| ritual circumcision]], ([[Brit Milah]]), of boys on the eighth day of life in accordance with the [[Abrahamic covenant]], however this was only for a very small percentage of the population.<ref name="self2016">{{REFjournal
|url=https://journals.troy.edu/index.php/test/article/view/386/302
[[H. L. Rosenberry]], {{MD}}, (1894) published a paper "proving" that circumcision cures urinary and rectal incontinence.<ref name="self2016" /> <ref name="rosenberry1894">{{Rosenberry1894}}</ref>
Dr. [[E. J. Spratling]] (1895) provided information for other doctors.<ref name="self2016" />He gaved a detailed explanation of how a circumcision is to be done so as to make it as difficult as possible to achieve orgasm by [[masturbation]].<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Spratling
|init=EJ
}}</ref>
[[Abraham L. Wolbarst]], {{MD}}, a Jewish New York doctor, apparently considered [[L. Emmett Holt|Holt]]'s paper to be an attack on [[Brit Milah| ritual circumcision ]] or perhaps [[Judaism ]] itself. He collected ''opinions'' from other doctors of the alleged value of [[circumcision ]] for health and published those ''opinions'' as ''scientific fact'' in a 1914 ''JAMA'' article.<ref name="wolbarst1914">{{REFjournal |last=Wolbarstentitled ''Universal circumcision as as sanitary measure]].
|first=Abraham L.
|init=AL
}}</ref>
[[Georganne Chapin]] founded [[Intact America]] in 2008with the aid of a grant from Texas philanthropist Dean Pisani.
[[Robert S. Van Howe|Van Howe]] & Svoboda (2008) said of the American practice of medically-unnecessary, non-therapeutic infant circumcision:
=== Intactness is the new norm ===
[[Intactness ]] had previously been shamed in the United States,<ref name="garrett2023-12-21">{{REFweb
|url=https://intactamerica.org/foreskin-phobia-intact-penis-shamed/
|title=Foreskin Phobia: How The Intact Penis Has Been Shamed
}}</ref> but that era has ended.
[[Intact America ]] called attention to the existence of a "tipping point", when public opinion would shift toward [[intactness]] in 2016.<ref>{{REFweb
|url=https://intactamerica.org/do-you-know-about-the-tipping-point/
|title=Do You Know: About the “Tipping Point?
}}</ref> Public opinion in the United States in 2024 has now reached that tipping point.
The percentage of American boys being [[circumcised]] has been slowly but progressively declining for a long time, while the number of boys with [[intact]] [[foreskin]] has correspondingly increased.<ref name="jacobson2021" /> The percentage of [[intact]] newborn boys now exceeds the percentage of [[circumcised]] newborn boys.
As the present trend continues, [[intactness]] is becoming the more usual, normal, and expected condition for newborn infant boys in America.
==American [[genital integrity]] organizations==
{{LINKS}}
* {{URLwikipedia|United_States|United States}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://www.cirp.org/library/legal/USA/