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Several papers critical of phimosis diagnosis practice in the UK were published in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Rickwood & Walker (1989) reported that in the Mersey region (northwest England) "many boys are [[circumcised]] for [[Physiological phimosis| development non-retractability ]] of the prepuce rather than for true [[pathological phimosis]] and that in consequence some two-thirds of the operations are unnecessary."<ref name="rickwood1989">{{REFjournal
|last=Rickwood
|first=
}}</ref>
In defence of the much criticised British GPs, it should be stated that the data they were provided by [[Douglas Gairdner]] (1949) regarding development of foreskin retractability was very inaccurate,<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Denniston
|first=George C.
|website=https://archive.is/Ztx07
|date=2026-01-10
|accessdate=2026-01-1213
|format=
|quote=Circumcision is to be classed as a potential form of child abuse under new guidance for prosecutors, amid concerns from judges and coroners about deaths and serious harms caused by the procedure.
{{LINKS}}
* {{URLwikipedia|United_Kingdom|United Kingdom}}
* {{REFnews
|title=And, cut! What it was like being circumcised in my 60s
|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2023/may/06/and-cut-what-it-was-like-being-circumcised-in-my-60s
|last=Jeffries
|first=Stuart
|init=
|author-link=
|publisher=The Guardian
|website=
|date=2023-05-06
|accessdate=2026-01-18
|quote=
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://intactamerica.org/cultures-that-reject-circumcision/
|accessdate=2025-05-08
}}
{{REF}}