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Circumcision prevalence

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{{Construction Site}}'''Circumcision prevalence''' in the percentage of males of all ages in the population who are [[circumcised]]. '''Circumcision incidence''' is the percentage of males (mostly newborn) who are currently being circumcised at any given time.
== The United States of America ==
According to Wallerstein(1980), the rate incidence of male [[circumcision ]] in the U.S. may have been around 10% in 1880, when it was just beginning to become legitimized as a medical procedure, and grew in popularity steadily until it's peak in the 1980's.<ref name="wallerstein1980">{{WallersteinE 1980}}</ref>WallersteinLaumann ''et al''. (1996) reported data from the National Health and Social Life Survey (NHSLS), Edwardwhich was conducted in 1992. 1511 men aged 18 to 59 years old were studied. They were born between 1932 and 1974. Laumann reported finding that 77 percent of men born in the US were circumcised as compared with 42 percent of US-born men. Laumann et al. commented, "[t]he [[United States]] stands apart from the rest of the world for its high rates of neonatal circumcision.<ref>{{REFjournal |last=Laumann |first=Edwin O. |init=EO |author-link= |last2=Masi |first2=Christopher M. |init2=CM |author2-link= |last3=Zuckerman |first3=Ezra W. |init3=EW |author3-link= |etal=no |title=Circumcisionin the United States: An American Health Fallacy. SpringerPrevalence, Prophylactic Effects, New Yorkand Sexual Practice |journal=JAMA |location= |date=1997-4-2 |volume=277 |issue=13 |pages=1052-7 |url=http://www. 1980cirp. pp. 217org/library/general/laumann/ |archived= |quote= |pubmedID=9091693 |pubmedCID= |DOI= |accessdate=}}</ref>  According to the American Medical Association's most recent major document on medical circumcision, the "Report 10 of the Council on Scientific Affairs", created by their "Council on Science and Public Health" in 1999, the prevalence of circumcision in the United States increased from about 30% in the 1930s to nearly 80% by the early 1970s".<ref>"[http://www.cirp.org/library/statements/ama2000/ Report 10 of the Council on Scientific Affairs (I-99): Neonatal Circumcision]". American Medical Association Official Website. http://www.amaAccessed 2020-assn.org/ama/no06-index/about-ama/13585.shtml. Accessed May 4, 201120.</ref> Current reports estimate the rate of adult circumcised American men at approximately 80%.<ref>{{REFnews | last=Rabin | first=Roni Caryn | coauthors= | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/17/health/research/17circ.html | title=Steep Drop Seen in Circumcisions in U.S. | publisher= | work=The New York Times | quote=Some 80 percent of American men are circumcised, one of the highest rates in the developed world. | date=2010-08-16 | accessdate=2011-09-24
}}</ref>
|last=Bcheraoui
|first=Charbel El
|init=CE
|last2=Zhang
|first2=Xinjian
|last2init2=ZhangX |last3=Shinde
|first3=Sanjyot
|last3init3=ShindeS |last4=Kilmarx
|first4=Peter H.
|last4init4=PH |author4-link=Peter Kilmarx |last5=Chen
|first5=Robert T.
|last5init5=ChenRT |last6=Owings
|first6=Maria
|last6init6=OwingsM
|title=Trends in In-Hospital Newborn Male Circumcision --- United States, 1999--2010
|journal=Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR)
==== Conflicting report ====
[[Image:CDC 33.png ‎|thumbnail|300px| The picture of the slide used in the CDC presentation, seen here, was taken by an Intact America volunteer who attended the [[AIDS ]] conference in Vienna.]]
One year earlier, at the [[AIDS ]] 2010 Vienna conference, CDC spokesman Charbel El Bcheraoui delivered a presentation on circumcision complications,<!-- <ref>{{REFcontribution | contribution=Rates of selected neonatal male circumcision-associated severe adverse events in the United States, 2007-2009 | quote= | url=http://pag.aids2010.org/Abstracts.aspx?SID=438&AID=4529 | title=XVIII International AIDS Conference July 18-23 2010 Vienna Austria | author=Charbel El Bcheraoui; J. Greenspan, K. Kretsinger, R. Chen | publisher=International AIDS Society | place=Vienna, Austria | pages= | date=2010-07-18 | accessdate=2011-09-24
}}</ref>--> in which a study noting a steep drop in the neo-natal circumcision from 56% to 33% was presented.<!-- <ref>{{REFcontribution
| contribution=US newborn male circumcision rate dropped sharply in from 2006 to 2009 | quote=Circumcision rates fell from 56% in 2006 to 33% in 2009. | url=http://www.davidwilton.com/files/2010-08-05_zoler.pdf | title=AIDS 2010, Vienna, Austria | author=Mitchel L. Zoler | publisher=Elsevier Global Medical News | place=Vienna, Austria | pages= | date=2010-08-05 | accessdate=
}}</ref>--> This is a sharp contrast from the 55% figure the CDC is currently releasing. The CDC disowns the 33% figure,<ref>{{REFnews
| last=Rabin | first=Roni Caryn | coauthors= | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/17/health/research/17circ.html | title=Rabin | publisher= | work=The New York Times | quote=C.D.C. was not involved in the collection of the data that was cited, nor has C.D.C. undertaken any review of this particular data for the purpose of calculating rates... | date=2010-08-16 | accessdate=2011-09-24
}}</ref> asserting that it was based on calculations by SDI Health, a company in Plymouth Meeting, PA that analyzes health care data, and was not definitive. Andrew Kress, the chief executive of SDI Health, cautioned that the data had not yet been published and was still being analyzed.<ref>{{REFnews
| last=Rabin | first=Roni Caryn | coauthors= | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/17/health/research/17circ.html | title=Steep Drop Seen in Circumcisions in U.S. | publisher= | work=The New York Times | quote=Andrew Kress, the chief executive of SDI Health, cautioned that the data had not yet been published and was still being analyzed... | date=2010-08-16 | accessdate=2011-09-24
}}</ref></ref> Both SDI and the CDC confirmed that the trend had been toward fewer circumcisions each year, adding that measuring the circumcision rate was not the purpose of the study, which was designed to measure the rate of complications from the procedure.<ref>{{REFnews
| last=Rabin | first=Roni Caryn | coauthors= | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/17/health/research/17circ.html | title=Steep Drop Seen in Circumcisions in U.S. | publisher= | work=The New York Times | quote=What we can tell you is that male infant circumcision rates have declined somewhat in this decade... | date=2010-08-16 | accessdate=2011-09-24
}}</ref>
 
[EDITOR'S COMMENT: ''The long-term trend of the incidence of non-therapeutic male circumcision in the United States has been trending gradually downward since 1965. The United States government formerly provided annual statistics on the incidence of circumcision, however no statistics have been published since 2010, so no recent statistics are available. One would assume that the incidence of non-therapeutic male circumcision has continued its gradual decline''.]
== Global prevalence ==
<center>
[[Image:WHO global circumcision rates.jpg ‎|thumbnail|left|500px| Global circumcision rates, according to the WHO.]]
</center>
 
{{SEEALSO}}
* [[International prevalence of circumcision]]
 
{{LINKS}}
* [http://chahttps://en.intactiwiki.org/index.php/Special:Captcha/helprtsbin.com/view/33702 Male Circumcision Prevalence by Country]
* [https://worldpopulationreview.com/states/circumcision-rates-by-state/ Circumcision Rates By State 2020]
* {{REFweb
|url=http://www.savingsons.org/2012/11/us-hospital-circumcision-rates-by-state.html
|archived=
|title=U.S. Hospital Circumcision Rates By State
|trans-title=
|language=English
|last=Conte
|first=Jonathon
|author-link=
|publisher=Saving our Sons
|website=
|date=2012
|accessdate=2020-08-25
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://www.academia.edu/23494197/Infant_Male_Genital_Cutting_Incidence_Worldwide?email_work_card=view-paper
|archived=
|title=Infant Male Genital Cutting Incidence Worldwide
|trans-title=
|language=
|last=Bollinger
|first=Dan
|author-link=Dan Bollinger
|publisher=
|website=www.academia.edu
|date=2017-05-19
|accessdate=2020-08-28
|quote=
}}
 
== Current information for the United States ==
=== Current prevalence ===Peter Moore (2015) reported that 62 percent of all American males reported being [[Imagecircumcised]],<ref name="moore2015">{{REFweb |url=https:WHO global //today.yougov.com/topics/lifestyle/articles-reports/2015/02/03/younger-americans-circumcision rates.jpg ‎ |title=Young Americans less supportive of circumcision at birth |thumbnaillast=Moore |leftfirst=Peter |500pxdate=2015-02-03 | Global circumcision ratesaccessdate=2022-02-07}}</ref> which increases the prevalence of [[intact]] [[foreskin]] to 38 percent of living American males of all ages. This percentage is expected to gradually but constantly decline, according while the percentage of males who are [[intact]] due to the WHOdeclining incidence of newborn boys receiving medically-unnecessary, non-therapeutic [[circumcision]] is expected to increase.The percentage of males with [[intact]] [[foreskin]] is lowest with senior citizens and highest in the youngest age groups due to the ever-declining incidence of [[circumcision]].
=== Current incidence ===
Jacobsen et al. (2021) used data from 2003 through 2016 from the Kid's Inpatient Database of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality to compare [[intact]] with [[circumcised]] boys in the first 28 days of life. The authors reported a gradual declining trend in the incidence of neonatal non-therapeutic [[circumcision]] throughout the study period. The overall incidence of circumcision decreased from 57.4 percent in 2003 to 52.1 percent in 2016 over the 13 year study period or 5.3 percentage points for an average decrease of 0.4 percentage point per year. The author noted "neonatal circumcision rates decreased significantly over time."<ref name="jacobson2021">{{REFjournal
|last=Jacobson
|first=Deborah L.
|init=
|author-link=
|last2=Balmert
|first2=Lauren C.
|init2=
|author2-link=
|last3=Holl
|first3=Jane L.
|init3=
|author3-link=
|last4=Rosoklija
|first4=Ilina
|init4=
|author4-link=
|last5=Davis
|first5=Matthew M.
|init5=
|author5-link=
|last6=Johnson
|first6Emilie K.
|init6=
|author6-link=
|etal=no
|title=Nationwide Circumcision Trends: 2003 to 2016
|trans-title=
|language=
|journal=J Urol
|location=
|date=2021-01
|volume=205
|issue=1
|article=
|pages=257-63
|url=https://www.auajournals.org/doi/abs/10.1097/JU.0000000000001316
|pubmedID=32716676
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=10.1097/JU.0000000000001316
|accessdate=2023-10-30
}}</ref>
{{SEEALSO}}
* [[Intactness]]
{{REF}}
 
[[Category:Statistics]]
[[Category:From Intactipedia]]
[[Category:From IntactWiki]]
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