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Pain
,added more initials
* Luther, Kraybill & Potter (1976) compared the level of cortisol in infants before and after circumcision. They found a substantial rise in the cortisol levels in the infants, which they said was due to the "stress" of circumcision.<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Talbert
|init=LM
|first=Luther M.
|author-link=
|last2=Kraybill
|init2=EN
|first2=Ernest N.
|author2-link=
|last3=Potter
|first3init3=H. D.HD
|author3-link=
|etal=no
* Rawlings, Miller & Engel (1980) showed that as pain of circumcision increased, oxygenation of the skin decreased.<ref name="rawlings1980">{{REFjournal
|last=Rawlings
|init=DJ
|first=David J.
|author-link=
|last2=Miller
|init2=PA
|first2=Patricia Anne
|author2-link=
|last3=Engel
|init3=RR
|first3=Rolf R.
|author3-link=
The authors were still unwilling to use the word ''pain'' and substituted the word ''stress''. <ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Gunnar
|init=MR
|first=Megan R.
|author-link=
|last2=Fisch
|init2=RO
|first2=Robert O.
|author2-link=
|last3=Korsvick
|init3=S
|first3=Sherry
|author3-link=
|last4=Donhowe
|init4=JM
|first4=John M.
|author4-link=
* Marshall ''et al''. (1982) studied mother-child interaction with regard to feeding behavior after circumcision without anesthesia. They found that circumcised boys had more interruptions of feeding in the 24-hour period of observation.<ref name="marshall1982">{{REFjournal
|last=Marshall
|init=RE
|first=Richard E.
|author-link=
|last2=Porter
|init2=FL
|first2=Fran L.
|author2-link=
|last3=Rogers
|init3=AG
|first3=Ann G.
|author3-link=
|last4=Moore
|init4=J
|first4=JoAnn
|author4-link=
|last5=Anderson
|init5=B
|first5=Barbara
|author5-link=
|last6=Boxerman
|first6=Stuart B.
|init6=SB
|author6-link=
|etal=no
|last=Porter
|first=Fran Lang
|init=FL
|author-link=
|last2=Miller
|first2=Richard H.
|init2=RH
|author2-link=
|last3=Marshal
|first3=Richard E> |init3=RE
|author3-link=
|etal=no
|last=Poland
|first=Ronald L.
|init=RL
|author-link=
|last2=Roberts
|first2=Ronald J
|init2=RJ
|author2-link=
|last3=Gutierrez-Mazorra
|first3=Juan F.
|init3=JF
|author3-link=
|last4=Fonkalsrud
|first4=Eric W.
|init4=EW
|author4-link=
|etal=no
|last=Gunnar
|first=Megan
|init=M
|author-link=
|last2=Connors
|first2=Joan
|init2=J
|author2-link=
|last3=Isensee
|first3=Jill
|init3=J
|author3-link=
|last4=Wall
|first4=Lee
|init4=L
|author4-link=
|etal=yes
|title=Adrenocortical activity and behavioral distress in human newborns
|last=Schoen
|first=Edgar J.
|init=EJ
|author-link=Edgar J. Schoen
|last2=Anderson
|first2=Glen
|init2=G
|author2-link=
|last3=Bohon
|first3=Constance
|init3=C
|author3-link=
|last4=Hinman, Jr.
|first4=Frank
|init4=F
|author4-link=
|last5=Poland
|first5=Ronald L.
|init5=RL
|author5-link=
|last6=E. Wakeman
|first6=Maurice
|init6=ME
|author6-link=
|etal=no
|last=Wallerstein
|first=Edward
|init=E
|author-link=Edward Wallerstein
|etal=no
|last=Kirya
|first=Christopher
|init=C
|author-link=
|last2=Werthman, Jr.
|first2=Milton W.
|init2=MW
|author2-link=
|etal=no
* Ring Block. Broadman ''et al''. (1987) proposed ring block for neonatal non-therapeutic circumcision.<ref name="broadman1987">{{REFjournal
|last=Broadman
|firstinit=L MLM
|author-link=
|last2=Hannallah
|first2init2=R SRS
|author2-link=
|last3=Belman
|first3init3=A BAB
|author3-link=
|last4=Elder
|first4init4=P TPT
|author4-link=
|last5=Ruttiman
|first5init5=U
|author5-link=
|last6=Epstein
|first6init6=B SBS
|author6-link=
|etal=no
}}</ref> Ring block is considered the most effective analgesic procedure for neonatal non-therapeutic circumcision. Infant boys feel less pain and suffer less trauma than with the other two procedures.<ref name="lander1997" /> <ref name="stang1997">{{REFjournal
|last=Stang
|first=Howard J. |init=HJ
|author-link=
|last2=Snnellman
|first2=Leonard W.
|init2=LW
|author2-link=
|last3=Condon
|first3=Lawrence M
|init3=LM
|author3-link=
|last4=Conroy
|first4=Mary Margaret
|init4=MM
|author4-link=
|last5=Liebo
|first5=Rhoda
|init5=R
|author5-link=
|last6=Brodersen
|first6=Laurie
|init6=L
|author6-link=
|last7=Gunnar
|first7=Megan R.
|init7=MR
|author7-link=
|etal=no
|last=Wellington
|first=Nancy
|init=N
|author-link=
|last2=Rieder
|first2=Michael J.
|init2=MJ
|author2-link=
|etal=no
|last=Ryan
|first=C. Anthony
|init=CA
|author-link=
|last2=Finer
|first2=Neil N.
|init2=NN
|author2-link=
|etal=no
The [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] convened a new task force on circumcision under the chair of Carole M. Lannon, M. D. That task force reversed the position previously taken under [[Edgar J. Schoen]]. It clearly stated that non-therapeutic infant circumcision is "not essential to the child’s current well-being." It provided an extensive discussion of procedural analgesia and said, quite strongly, that, if a circumcision is done, procedural analgesia should be provided.<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Lannon
|init=CM
|first=Carole M.
|author-link=
|last2=Bailey
|init2=AGD |first2=Ann Geryl Doll Bailey
|author2-link=
|last3=Fleischman
|init3=AR
|first3=Alan R.
|author3-link=
|last4=Kaplan
|init4=G
|first4=George
|author4-link=
|etal=yes
|title=Circumcision policy statement
Kraft (2003) reported that "many health care practitioners routinely perform this procedure without the use of any or with inadequate or ineffective analgesia and anesthesia."<ref name="kraft2003">{{REFjournal
|last=Kraft
|init=NL |first=Nancy L.
|author-link=
|etal=no
|title=A pictorial and video guide to circumcision without pain
|journal=Adv Neonatal Care
|location=