Changes

}}</ref><ref name="Moses1871">{{REFjournal

|last=Moses

|title=The value of circumcision as a hygienic and therapeutic measure

|journal=New York Medical Journal

}}</ref><ref name="Hutchinson1891">{{REFjournal

|last=Hutchinson

|title=On circumcision as preventive of masturbation

|journal=Archives of Surgery

}}</ref><ref name="Remondino1894">{{REFjournal

|last=Remondino

|title=Negro rapes and their social problems

|journal=National Popular Review

}}</ref><ref name="Cockshut1935">{{REFjournal

|last=Cockshut

|author-link=R. W. Cockshut

|title=Circumcision

|last=Guttmacher

|first=Allan F.

|title=Should the baby be circumcised?

|journal=Parents Magazine

}}</ref><ref name="MillerSnyder1953">{{REFjournal

|last=Miller

|last2=Snyder

|title=Immediate circumcision of the newborn male

|journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology

|last=Morris

|first=Robert Tuttle

|title=Is evolution trying to do away with the clitoris?

|journal=American Association of OB/GYNs

|last=McFarland

|first=T. Scott

|title=Circumcision of girls

|journal=Journal of Orificial Surgery

|last=Dawson

|first=Benjamin E.

|title=Circumcision in the Female: Its Necessity and How to Perform It

|journal=American Journal of Clinical Medicine

|last=Eskridge

|first=Belle C.

|title=Why not circumcise the girl as well as the boy?

|journal=Texas State Journal of Medicine

<ref name="McDonald1958">{{REFjournal

|last=McDonald

|title=Circumcision of the female

|journal=General Practitioner

|last=Hutchinson

|first=Johnathon

|title=On the Influence of Circumcision in Preventing Syphilis

|journal=Medical Times and Gazette

|last=Heckford

|first=Nathaniel

|title=Circumcision as a remedial measure in certain cases of epilepsy and chorea

|journal=Clinical Lectures and Reports by the Medical and Surgical Staff of the London Hospital

|last=Sayre

|first=Lewis A.

|title=Circumcision versus epilepsy, etc; Transcription of the New York Pathological Society meeting of June 8, 1870

|journal=Medical Record

|last=Sayre

|first=Lewis A.

|title=Partial paralysis from reflex irritation, caused by congenital phimosis and adherent prepuce

|journal=Transactions of the American Medical Association

|last=Bell

|first=Joseph

|title=Nocturnal incontinence of urine cured by circumcision

|journal=Edinburgh Medical Journal

|last=Sayre

|first=Lewis A.

|title=Spinal anaemia with partial paralysis and want of coordination, from irritation of the genital organs

|journal=Transactions of the American Medical Association

* 1879 [[H.H. Kane]] 'discovers' that circumcision '''cures nocturnal emissions and abdominal neuralgia'''.<ref>{{REFjournal

|last=Kane

|title=Seminal emissions, abdominal neuralgia: circumcision: cure

|journal=Southern Clinic

|last=Landesburg

|first=Maximillian

|title=On affections of the eye caused by masturbation

|journal=Medical Bulletin

|last=Eggleston

|first=William G.

|title=Two cases of reflex paraplegia(one with aphasia) from tape-worm and phimosis

|journal=Journal of the American Medical Association

|last=Gentry

|first=William D.

|title=Nervous derangements produced by sexual irregularities in boys

|journal=Medical Current

|last=Lehman

|first=Mark J.

|title=A plea for circumcision

|journal=Medical Review

* 1894 [[H.L. Rosenberry]] publishes paper 'proving' that circumcision '''cures urinary and rectal incontinence'''.<ref>{{REFjournal

|last=Rosenberry

|title=Incontinence of the urine and faeces, cured by circumcision

|journal=Medical Record

|last=Hutchinson

|first=Johnathan

|title=The advantages of circumcision

|journal=The Polyclinic

|last=Mark

|first=Ernest G.

|title=Circumcision

|journal=American Practitioner and News

|last=Park

|first=Roswell

|title=The surgical treatment of epilepsy

|journal=American Medicine

|last=Wolbarst

|first=Abraham L.

|title=Universal circumcision as a sanitary measure

|journal=Journal of the American Medical Association

|last=Wolbarst

|first=Abraham L.

|title=Is circumcision a prophylactic against penis cancer?

|journal=Cancer

|last=Bare

|first=Norton Henry

|title=Surgical treatment of epilepsy with report of case

|journal=The China Medical Journal

|last=Goldstein

|first=Aaron

|first2=Hiram S.

|title=Bloodless circumcision of the newborn

|journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology

|last=Ravich

|first=Abraham

|author-link=Abraham Ravich

|title=The relationship of circumcision to cancer of the prostate

|last=Hand

|first=Eugene H.

|author-link=Eugene H. Hand

|title=Circumcision and venereal disease

|last=Gairdner

|first=Douglas

|author-link=Douglas Gairdner

|title=The fate of the foreskin

|last=Ravich

|first=Abraham

|author-link=Abraham Ravich

|title=Prophylaxis of cancer of the prostate, penis, and cervix by circumcision

|last=Wynder

|first=Ernest L.

|author-link=Ernest L. Wynder

|title=A study of environmental factors of carcinoma of the cervix

|last=Ravich

|first=Abraham

|author-link=Abraham Ravich

|title=Viral carcinogenesis in venereally susceptible organs

* 1973 [[R. Dagher]], [[Melvin Selzer]], and [[Jack Lapides]] declare that anyone who disagrees with their agenda to impose mass circumcision on America is deluded.<ref>{{REFjournal

|last=Dagher

|author-link=R. Dagher

|first2=Melvin

|author2-link=Melvin Selzer

|first3=Jack

|author3-link=Jack Lapides

|title=Carcinoma of the penis and the anti-circumcision crusade

|last=Wiswell

|first=Thomas E.

|author-link=Thomas E. Wiswell

|title=Decreased incidence of urinary tract infections in circumcised male infants

|last=Fink

|first=Aaron J.

|author-link=Aaron J. Fink

|title=A possible explanation for heterosexual male infection with AIDS

|last=Fink

|first=Aaron J.

|author-link=Aaron J. Fink

|title=Is hygiene enough? Circumcision as a possible strategy to prevent group B streptococcal disease

|last=Schoen

|first=Edgar J.

|author-link=Edgar J. Schoen

|title=Report of the Task Force on Circumcision

|last=Schoen

|first=Edgar J.

|author-link=Edgar J. Schoen

|title=Is it time for Europe to reconsider newborn circumcision?

|last=Fink

|first=Aaron J.

|author-link=Aaron J. Fink

|title=Circumcision and sand

* 1996 [[J.R. Taylor]] finds that the average amount of amputated foreskin was nearly half of the total penile skin.<ref>{{REFjournal

|last=Taylor

|author-link=John R. Taylor

|last2=Lockwood

|last3=Taylor

|title=The prepuce: Specialized mucosa of the penis and its loss to circumcision

|journal=British Journal of Urology

|last=Schoen

|first=Edgar J.

|author-link=Edgar J. Schoen

|title=Benefits of newborn circumcision: Is Europe ignoring the medical evidence?

|last=Lander

|first=Janice

|author-link=Janice Lander

|title=Comparison of ring block, dorsal penile nerve block, and topical anesthesia for neonatal circumcision

|last=Stang

|first=Howard J.

|author-link=Howard J. Stang

|title=Patent #5,160,185, Infant support and restraint system 1992, Circumcision Practice Patterns in the United States

* 1999 [[John R. Taylor]], after studying the foreskin's specialized innervation, concludes that it is the "primary erogenous tissue necessary for normal sexual function."<ref>{{REFjournal

|last=Taylor

|author-link=John R. Taylor

|title=The prepuce

* 2002 [[W.K. Nahm]] extends the storage life of specialized cell cultures derived from "freshly harvested neonatal foreskin tissue."<br>(Note: Since the 1980s, some amputated infant foreskins have been sold without the knowledge of the parents to biomedical companies for research and even use in commercial cosmetic products such as anti-wrinkle creams.)<ref>{{REFjournal

|last=Nahm

|title=Sustained ability for fibroblast outgrowth from stored neonatal foreskin

|journal=Journal of Dermatology Science

|last=Schoen

|first=Edgar J.

|author-link=Edgar J. Schoen

|title=It's wise to circumcise: time to change policy

|last=Bailey

|first=Robert C.

|author-link=Robert C. Bailey

|title=Male circumcision for HIV prevention for young men in Kisumu, Kenya

* 2007 [[L. de Witte]] finds that '''[[Langerhans cells]] found in the foreskin are a natural barrier to HIV infection'''.<br>(Note: This and other similar studies were widely ignored throughout the American media.)<ref>{{REFjournal

|last=de Witte

|author-link=L. de Witte

|title=Langerin is a natural barrier to HIV-1 transmission by Langerhans cells

|last=Sorrells

|first=Morris L.

|author-link=Morris L. Sorrells

|title=Fine touch pressure thresholds in the adult penis

|last=Gollaher

|first=David L.

|author-link=

|title=From ritual to science: the medical transformation of circumcision in America