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==Profound lack of understanding of psychological issues==
There was little awareness of emotional and psychological issues when child circumcision was being promoted in the late 19th century and early 20th century. For example, [[Douglas Gairdner]] made no mention at all of pain, behavior changes, or psychological issues in his landmark 1949 paper.<ref name="fate1949">{{:GairdnerDM1949}}</ref>
==Increasing awareness==