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}}</ref> Darby describes Hutchinson as a puritanical and gloomy Quaker who disapproved of masturbation on moral grounds.<refname="darby2017>{{REFweb
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Sir Jonathan Hutchinson started to promote circumcision to prevent masturbation in 1890.<ref name="darby2017" /> He first published ''A Plea for Circumcison'',<ref>{{REFjournal |last=Hutchinson |init= |first=Jonathan |title=A plea for circumcision |journal=Archives of Surgery |url= |date=1890 |volume=II |issue= |pages=15 |accessdate=2021-09-04}}</ref>, followed by ''On circumcision as a preventive of masturbation''.<ref>{{REFjournal |last=Hutchinson |init= |first=Jonathan |author-link= |url= |title=On circumcision as a preventive of masturbation |journal=Archives of Surgery |date=1890 |volume=II |issue= |pages=267-9 |accessdate=2021-09-04}}</ref>
Sir Frederick Treves (1853 – 1923), a prominent Harley Street surgeon, wrote an operative manual in 1903 to educate other surgeons in the performance of the circumcision amputation.<ref name="treves1902>{{REFbook