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The [[clitoris]] and [[penis ]] are generally the same anatomical structure, although the distal portion (or opening) of the [[urethra]] is absent in the [[clitoris]] of humans and most other animals. The idea that males have [[clitoris]]es was suggested in 1987 by researcher Josephine Lowndes Sevely, who theorized that the male corpora cavernosa (a pair of sponge-like regions of erectile tissue which contain most of the blood in the [[penis ]] during penile [[erection]]) are the true counterpart of the [[clitoris]]. She argued that "the male [[clitoris]]" is directly beneath the rim of the [[glans penis]], where the frenulum of prepuce of the penis (a fold of the prepuce) is located, and proposed that this area be called the "Lownde's crown." Her theory and proposal, though acknowledged in anatomical literature, did not materialize in anatomy books.<ref>{{REFbook

}}</ref> Modern anatomical texts instead show that the [[clitoris]] displays a [[Clitoral hood | hood]] that is the equivalent of the [[penis]]'s [[foreskin]], which covers the [[glans]], and a shaft that is attached to the glans; the male corpora cavernosa are homologous to the corpus cavernosum clitoridis (the female cavernosa); the corpus spongiosum is homologous to the vestibular bulbs beneath the [[labia minora]], and the scrotum is homologous to the [[labia minora]] and [[labia majora]].<ref name="Chapple Steers 2010">{{REFbook

Upon anatomical study, the [[penis ]] can be described as a [[clitoris]] that has been mostly pulled out of the body and grafted on top of a significantly smaller piece of spongiosum containing the [[urethra]].<ref name="Chapple Steers 2010"/><ref name="Schuenke etal 2010"/><ref name="Saladin 2010"/> With regard to nerve endings, the human [[clitoris]]'s estimated 8,000 or more (for its glans or clitoral body as a whole) is commonly cited as being twice as many as the nerve endings found in the human penis (for its glans or body as a whole), and as more than any other part of the human body.<ref name="Carroll 2012">{{REFbook

}}</ref> These reports sometimes conflict with other sources on clitoral anatomy or those concerning the nerve endings in the human [[penis]]. For example, while some sources estimate that the human [[penis ]] has 4,000 nerve endings,<ref name="Carroll 2012"/><ref name="Di Marino 2014"/> other sources state that the [[glans ]] or the entire penile structure have the same amount of nerve endings as the [[clitoral glans]],<ref>{{REFbook

}}</ref> or discuss whether the [[uncircumcised]] penis has thousands more than the [[circumcised ]] penis or is generally more sensitive.<ref>{{REFweb

Some sources state that in contrast to the [[glans penis]], the [[clitoral glans ]] lacks smooth muscle within its fibrovascular cap and is thus differentiated from the erectile tissues of the [[clitoris]] and bulbs; additionally, bulb size varies and may be dependent on age and estrogenization.<ref name="Ginger Yang 2011">{{REFbook

The thin corpus spongiosum of the [[penis ]] runs along the underside of the penile shaft, enveloping the [[urethra]], and expands at the end to form the [[glans]]. It partially contributes to [[erection]], which are primarily caused by the two corpora cavernosa that comprise the bulk of the shaft; like the female cavernosa, the male cavernosa soak up blood and become erect when sexually excited.<ref name="Libertino 1998">{{REFbook