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[[File:Star of David.svg|thumb|200px|The Star of David (Hebrew ''magen david'') is one of the symbols of Judaism.]]'''Judaism''' is the religion and culture of the Jews.<ref name="kohler1906">{{REFjournal |last=Kehler |init=K |author-link= |last2= |init2= |author2-link= |url=https://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/9028-judaism#sts=JUDAISMIt%20is%20natural%20that%20divergent%20views%20upon%20so%20complex%20a%20subject%20should%20exist.%20The%20following%20article%20is%20frankly%20written%20from%20the%20standpoint%20of%20Reform%20Judaism.%20For%20a%20presentation%20of%20the%20more%20conservative%20aspect%20of%20the%20subject%20see%20Religion;%20Theology.%20(%E1%BC%B8%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B4%CE%B1%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%E1%BD%B8%CF%82): |title=Judaism |journal=Jewish Encyclopedia |date=1906 |volume= |issue= |pages= |accessdate=2022-05-04}}</ref><ref>{{REFweb |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Judaism |archived= |title=Judaism |trans-title= |language= |last= |first= |author-link= |publisher=Merriam-Webster |website= |date= |accessdate=2022-05-02 |format= |quote=}}</ref> Please note that not all Jews are religious but live the Jewish culture. 

Judaism was developed in the middle east Middle East by the ancient Hebrews.<ref name="gaster">{{REFweb

|first=Theodore H. |init=TH

|publisher=BrittanicaBritannica

Judaism is characterized by belief in one transcendent God who has revealed himself to Abraham, Moses, and the Hebrew prophets and by a religious life in accordance with Scriptures and rabbinic traditions.<ref name="gaster" /> Rabbi Emeritus Kaughmann Kohler described Judaism as "the religion of joy, hope, and love."<ref name="kohler1906" />==Controversial practiceSymbol==The symbol of Judaism has historically held is the Star of David, which is a belief in the sosix-called [[Abrahamic covenant]] which purports to require that every newborn boy be circumcised on the eighth day of lifepointed star design.<ref>{{REFweb |url=https://symbolsarchive. This has now become controversial because com/star-of the certain intense [[pain]] suffered by the boy, because of the certain lifetime loss of [[foreskin#Physiological_functions-david-symbol-history-meaning/ |archived= |title=Star Of David Symbol – History And Meaning |trans-title= |language= |last=Rogador |first=Christine |author-link= |publisher=Symbols Archive |website= |date=2021-05-30 |accessdate=2022-05-01 | foreskin function]], and because of the violation of the child's [[human rights]].quote=}}</ref> 

[[:Category:Rabbi|Rabbis (teacherteachers, mastermasters) ]] carry out teaching and educational functions<ref>{{REFweb

==SymbolControversial practice==The symbol of Judaism is has historically held a belief in the so-called [[Abrahamic covenant]] which purports to require that every newborn boy be [[Jewish circumcision|circumcised on the Star eighth day of David, which is a six-pointed star designlife]].<refname="hirsch1906">{{REFwebREFjournal |last=Hirsch |urlfirst=https://symbolsarchiveEmil G.com/star |init=EG |author-oflink= |last2=Kohler |first2=Kaufmann |init2= |author2-davidlink= |last3=Jacobs |first3=Joseph |init3= |author3-symbollink= |last4=Friedenwald |first4=Aaron |init4= |author4-historylink= |last5=Broydé |first5=Isaac |init5= |author5-meaning/link= |archivedetal=no |title=Star Of David Symbol – History And MeaningCircumcision

|journal=Jewish Encyclopedia |location= |date=1906 |season= |volume= |issue= |article= |page= |pages= |url=https://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/3074-berit-milah |archived= |quote= |accessdate=2022-05-04}}</ref> This has now become controversial, because of [[Circumcision risks| surgical risks]], because of the certain intense [[pain]] and [[trauma]] suffered by the boy, because of the certain lifetime loss of [[foreskin#Physiological_functions| foreskin function]], and because of the violation of the child's [[human rights]]. ==Questioning circumcision==The alleged Abrahamic covenant is found in the Pentateuch (Torah) book of Genesis, chapter 17. Reform Jews in Germany stated questioning circumcision in 1843.<ref name="hirsch1906" /> Circumcision today is being questioned for several reasons.<ref>{{REFbook |last=Goldman |first=Ronald |init=R |author-link=Ronald Goldman |year=2012 |title=[[Questioning Circumcision: A Jewish Perspective]] |url= |scope=144 |publisher=Vanguard Publications |ISBN=978-0964489561 |accessdate=2022-05-01 }}</ref> The practice of circumcision conflicts with many other Jewish values. Moreover, [https://www.blueletterbible.org/Comm/stewart_don/faq/words-bible/question2-what-is-textual-criticism.cfm textual criticism] indicates that this chapter appears to be a later insertion into the text of this Hebrew book.<ref name="glick2005">{{REFbook |last=RogadorGlick |first=ChristineLeonard B. |init=LB |author-link=Leonard B. Glick |year=2005 |title=Marked in Your Flesh: Circumcision from Ancient Judea to Modern America |edition=1st |chapter=Chapter One |pages=15-18 |publisher={{UNI|Oxford University|Oxon}} Press |isbn=9780195176742 |accessdate=2022-05-08 |note=}}</ref> A non-cutting alternative to [[Brit Milah]], usually called [[Brit Shalom]], is gaining in popularity.<ref name="ahituv2021">{{REFnews |title=Even in Israel, More and More Parents Choose Not to Circumcise Their Sons |url=https://www.haaretz.com/even-in-israel-more-and-more-parents-choose-not-to-circumcise-1.5178506 |last=Ahituv |first=Netta |coauthors= |publisher=Symbols ArchiveHaaretz

|date=2021-0506-3014 |accessdate=2022-05-0102 |quote=The survey also found that nearly a third of the parents would prefer to forgo circumcision but nevertheless have it done for social reasons ‏(16.6 percent‏), health reasons ‏(10.4 percent‏) and because it is important for the grandparents ‏(2.1 percent‏).}}</ref> [[Mark D. Reiss]], {{MD}}, has sponsored the [https://www.bruchim.online/inclusion-directory/ Mark D. Reiss, M.D. Inclusion Directory], where more information on Brit Shalom may be found. Hirsch et al. (1906) state, "An uncircumcised Jew is a full Jew by birth.<ref name="hirsch1906" /> Wine (1988) argued that the medical aspects (surgical excision of functional penile tissue) should be separated from the naming ceremony.<ref>{{REFweb |url=https://sherwinwine.com/bibliography/ |title=Bibliography |last=Wine |first= |init=ST |author-link=Sherwin T. Wine |publisher=Sherwin T. Wine |date=2022 |accessdate=2024-02-11

==Questioning circumcision== The alleged Abrahamic covenant is found in the Pentateuch (Torah) book of Genesis chapter 17. This has been questioned There appears to be increasing sentiment for several reasons. The practice reform of ritual circumcision conflicts practice with many other Jewish values. Moreoverseveral organizations, such as [[Society for Humanistic Judaism]], [[Association of Humanistic Rabbis]], and [https://www[Ritualwell]] proposing changes.blueletterbible.org/Comm/stewart_don/faq/words-bible/question2-what-is-textual-criticism.cfm textual criticism[[Bruchim]] was founded in 2021 by [[Lisa Braver Moss]] and [[Rebecca Wald]] indicates that this chapter appears to be with a later insertion into the text goal of this Hebrew bookmaking [[Foreskinned| non-circumcision]] acceptable in American synagogues.