Changes

Mansfield et al. (1995) reported there are no [[medical indications indication]]s for non-therapeutic infant circumcision.<ref name="mansfield1995">{{REFjournal

Parents are reminded that neonatal [[circumcision]] has no [[medical indication]], does not provide treatment for disease, is non-therapeutic, unnecessary, and causes life-long irreversible harm because of the loss of the [[https://en.intactiwiki.org/index.php/Foreskin#Physiological_functions multi-functional foreskin]].

Although the foreskin has [[Immunological and protective function of the foreskin| immunological and protective functions]], Government medical insurance in the United States still holds the notion, which originated in the late 19th century, that the [[foreskin]] is a cesspool of disease, and circumcision improves hygiene and prevents sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), therefore it is best cut off and insurance should pay for it without any proof of [[medical indication ]] or necessity, so there are no effective controls in force to see that only medically necessary services are covered.<ref name="hodges1997">{{REFbook