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{{Construction Site}}'''{{FULLPAGENAME}}''' may be created by surgical or non-surgical means.<ref name="collier2011">{{REFjournal |last=Collier |first=Roger |init=R |author-link= |title=Whole again: the practice of foreskin restoration |journal=CMAJ |date=2011 |volume=183 |issue=18 |pages=2092-3 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3255154/ |quote= |pubmedID=3255154 |pubmedCID=22083672 |DOI=10.1503/cmaj.109-4009 |accessdate=2023-10-10}}</ref> Surgical restoration is very rare. The vast majority of [[restored]] foreskins have been created by non-surgical [[tissue expansion]].

Creators normally fall into two categories. : * The first category consists of men who were involuntarily received a an unwanted non-therapeutic [[circumcision]] as an infant or small child.  * The second category consists of men who voluntarily granted consent as an adult for [[Adolescent and adult circumcision| adolescent or adult circumcision]], but now [[Regret men| regret ]] their decision.

Both categories of creators seek a sense of wholeness or completeness, a restoration of normal appearance of the [[penis]], and a restoration of lost sensory and other functions to the extent possible. Other reasons are to regain control over one's body and anger management.<ref>{{REFbook

The surgically [[restored ]] foreskin is rare.

Penn (1963) pulled the [[shaft skin]] forward to create a [[foreskin]] and then used a graft from an unidentified source to cover the defect in the [[shaft skin]].<refname="penn1963">{{REFjournal

A combination of [[shaft skin]] plus scrotal skin was used in all reported cases to create a surgically restored [[foreskin]].

[[Shane Peterson]] of Perth, [[Australia]], excessively [[circumcised]] at birth, encountered significant issues and complications with his surgical foreskin restoration.<ref name="peterson2002">{{REFconference |last=Peterson |first=Shane E. |author-link=Shane Peterson |coauthors= |coauthors-link= |title=Assaulted and Mutilated: Surviving Circumcision Trauma |trans-title= |language= |url= Nonhttps://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4757-3351-surgically restored foreskin 8_15 |archived= |place=Washington, DC |publisher=Springer |source=Presented at the Seventh International Symposium on Human Rights and Modern Society |date=2002-04-05 |accessdate=2023-05-24 }}</ref>

== Tissue-expansion restored foreskin == On the shaft of the [[circumcised]] [[penis]], one finds the [[circumcision scar]] at a midway point on the shaft. From the scar to the abdominal wall, one finds residual penile [[shaft skin]]. From the scar to the [[glans penis]] one finds residual [[preputial mucosa]]l [[foreskin]] tissue, usually in a desiccated condition. Application of traction, either manually or by the aid of a commercial device sold for the purpose, is used to cause longitudinal [[tissue expansion]].<ref name="kennedy2015" />

The non-surgically [[restored ]] [[foreskin]] will consist of both expanded inner mucosa and expanded [[shaft skin]]. The location of the [[circumcision scar]] will vary. Restored foreskins typically are somewhat looser than natural foreskins. After the restored foreskin becomes long enough to extend beyond the [[glans penis]], the [[dartos]] usually will tighten it to some extent. Some restorers are experimenting with the use of o-rings to tighten the restored foreskin. The results are unclear.

* The [[frenulum]] found on the natural [[intact ]] [[penis]], which limits foreskin retraction, cannot be restoredregained. * The [[ridged band]] area of the natural [[intact]] [[penis]], which enhances sensation, cannot be regained. ==What is regained==* The full length of the [[penis]] on erection is regained. * The natural [[intact]] appearance is regained.

* The [[ridged band]] area of the natural intact penis, which enhances sensation, cannot be restoredPsychological health is regained.==What is gained<ref name="kennedy2015" /><ref name="penn1963" /> * The natural intact appearance [[preputial sac]] is regained.

* The provision of skin oil and moisture to the [[glans penis ]] is regained.<ref name="kennedy2015" />

* Collection of [[Dekeratinizationsmegma]] of the glans penis will gradually occur, resulting in increased sensitivityis regained.

* [[Dekeratinization]] of the [[glans penis]] will gradually occur, causing sensitivity to be regained. * Mobility of the [[foreskin ]] and [[gliding action]] is are regained.

* improved Improved chance of female partner's orgasm is regained.<ref>{{REFjournal