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{{Construction Site}}The relationship of '''{{FULLPAGENAME}}''' has not been well explored. Violence is defined as "behavior or treatment in which physical force is exerted for the purpose of causing damage or injury".,<ref>{{REFweb
Lloyd De Mause (1996) argued that early trauma results in aggressive adult behavior.
<blockquote>
That America has arranged to have more people on welfare – Gingrich’s
dreaded “underclass” – than any other industrialized country is a clue to why
nations need poor people to punish for their prosperity. Since it is prosperity and
threats of intolerable individuation that trigger the restaging of trauma, it makes
psychohistorical sense that America today – the most prosperous and freest nation
of any in history – has more women and children living in poverty than any other
industrialized nation. Nor is it coincidental that the world’s wealthiest country
has the highest child homicide rate and the most newborn boys [[circumcised]], both indices of society’s hostility towards children.<ref name="demause1996">{{REFjournal
|last=deMause
|first=Lloyd
|init=
|author-link=
|etal=no
|title=Restaging Fetal Traumas in War and Social Violence
|journal=Pre- and Perinatal Psychology Journal
|location=
|date=1996
|volume=23
|issue=4
|pages=344-92
|url=http://www.mattes.de/buecher/praenatale_psychologie/PP_PDF/PP_08_2_deMause.pdf
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=11609155
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=
|accessdate=2022-11-05
}}</ref></blockquote>
/* Violence due to loss of body pleasure / Wikify.
|url=https://www.thefreedictionary.com/violence
|title=Violence
|date=2016
|accessdate=2022-11-05
}}</ref> We do hoewever have however there is some informationavailable.
==Violence due to loss of body pleasure==
The human [[prepuce ]] is highly innervated tissue<ref name="cold-taylor1999">{{ColdCJ TaylorJR 1999}}</ref> and has long been known for its erogenous quality.<ref name="ErogenousZones">{{WinkelmannRK 1959}}</ref> Falliers (1970) commented on the "sensory pleasure induced by tactile stimulation of the [[foreskin]]."<ref name="falliers1970">{{REFjournal
|last=Falliers
|first=
}}</ref> Excision of the foreskin by [[circumcision]] necessarily reduces the pleasurable sensations emanating from the [[foreskin]].
Developmental neuropsychologist [[James W. Prescott]], {{PhD}}, (1975) connected loss of sensory body pleasure to increases in violent behavior.According to Dr. Prescott:
<blockquote>
''As a developmental neuropsychologist I have devoted a great deal of study to the peculiar relationship between violence and pleasure. I am now convinced that the deprivation of physical sensory pleasure is the principal root cause of violence. Laboratory experiments with animals show that pleasure and violence have a reciprocal relationship, that is, the presence of one inhibits the other. A raging, violent animal will abruptly calm down when electrodes stimulate the pleasure centers of its brain. Likewise, stimulating the violence centers in the brain can terminate the animal's sensual pleasure and peaceful behavior. When the brain's pleasure circuits are 'on,' the violence circuits are 'off,' and vice versa. Among human beings, a pleasure-prone personality rarely displays violence or aggressive behaviors, and a violent personality has little ability to tolerate, experience, or enjoy sensuously pleasing activities. As either violence or pleasure goes up, the other goes down.''<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Prescott
|init=JW
}}</ref>
</blockquote>
==Adult reenactment==
Famed trauma expert [[Bessel van der Kolk]], {{MD}} (1989) reported that traumatized persons tend to repeat the [[trauma]] on themselves or others, resulting in self-harm, harm to others, harm to self, or being re-victimized. He writes:
<blockquote>
''Some traumatized people remain preoccupied with the [[trauma]] at the expense of other life experiences and continue to re-create it in some form for themselves or for others.''<ref name="vanderkolk1989">{{VanderKolkBA 1989}}</ref>
</blockquote>
Lloyd deMause (1996) argued that early childhood [[trauma]] results in aggressive adult behavior.
<blockquote>
''That America has arranged to have more people on welfare'' – ''Gingrich’s dreaded “underclass”'' – ''than any other industrialized country is a clue to why nations need poor people to punish for their prosperity. Since it is prosperity and threats of intolerable individuation that trigger the restaging of trauma, it makes psychohistorical sense that America today'' – ''the most prosperous and freest nation of any in history'' – ''has more women and children living in poverty than any other industrialized nation. Nor is it coincidental that the world’s wealthiest country has the highest child homicide rate and the most newborn boys [[circumcised]], both indices of society’s hostility towards children.''<ref name="demause1996">{{REFjournal
|last=deMause
|first=Lloyd
|init=
|author-link=
|etal=no
|title=Restaging Fetal Traumas in War and Social Violence
|journal=Pre- and Perinatal Psychology Journal
|location=
|date=1996
|volume=23
|issue=4
|pages=344-92
|url=http://www.mattes.de/buecher/praenatale_psychologie/PP_PDF/PP_08_2_deMause.pdf
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=11609155
|pubmedCID=
|DOI=
|accessdate=2022-11-05
}}</ref></blockquote>
==Is circumcision itself violence?==
The performance of a circumcision operation actually takes minimal physical force, but it makes up for the lack of force by the great damage to the [[penis]] and its many protective, immunological, sensory, and sexual functions,<ref>{{REFweb
|url=http://www.intactaus.org/information/functionsoftheforeskin/
|title=Functions of the Foreskin
|format=
|quote=
}}</ref> and also by the extreme [[Pain| pain and trauma]] that it inflicts. Ramos & Boyle (2001) studied the psychological effects of [[circumcision]] on Filipino boys. They reported that sixty-nine percent of traditionally circumcised boys and fifty-one percent of medically [[circumcised]] boys subsequently met the criteria for a diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder ([[PTSD]]).<ref name="ramos-boyle2001">{{REFbook
|last=Ramos
|first=Samuel
|accessdate=2022-11-05
|note=
}}</ref> ==Adult reenactment==Famed trauma expert [https://besselvanderkolk.net/index.html Bessell van der Kolk, M. D.] (1989) reported that traumatized persons tend to repeat the trauma on themselves or others, resulting in harm to others, harm to self, or being re-victimized. He writes:<blockquote>Some traumatized people remain preoccupied with the trauma at the expense of other life experiences and continue to re-create it in some form for themselves or for others.<ref name="vanderkolk1989">{{REFjournal |last=van der Kolk |first=Bessell |init=B |author-link= |etal=no |title=The compulsion to repeat the trauma: re-enactment, revictimization, and masochism |journal=Psychiatr Clin North Am |location= |date=1989-06 |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=389-411 |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/psych/vanderkolk/ |quote= |pubmedID=2664732 |pubmedCID= |DOI= |accessdate=2019-12-08}}</ref> </blockquote>
==Religious circumcision and violence==
===Judaism===
It is not clear when the Jews started circumcision, but is clear that it was done in 1406 BCE at [[Gilgal]] in what must have been a highly traumatic event. Michael Glass (2003) observed that the circumcisions at Gilgal were to create warriors. He saw a connection between circumcision and violence.<ref name="glass2003">{{REFweb
|url=http://www.cirp.org/pages/cultural/glass3/
|title=What the Bible Reveals About Circumcision and Sexual Violence
|last=Glass
|first=Michael
|init=
|author-link=Michael Glass
|publisher=Circumcision Reference Library
|date=2003-04
|accessdate=2022-11-11
}}</ref>
According to Professor [[Leonard Glick]], Chapter 17 (containing the alleged [[Abrahamic covenant]]) was not added to the book of Genesis until after the Babylonian captivity, which ended in 538 BCE.
The [[Brit Milah]] in which a [[circumcised]] [[mohel]] reenacts his own traumatic circumcision upon a newborn boy on the eighth day of life is a standard feature of [[Judaism]].
Jewish philosophers [[Philo]] and [[Moses Maimonides]] both believed that reduction of body pleasure was a positive attribute of circumcision.
===Islam===
Although [[circumcision]] is never mentioned in the Qur'an, male circumcision is deeply rooted in the Muslim tradition. Muhammad is reported to have prescribed cutting the [[foreskin]] as a ''fitrah'', a measure of personal cleanliness. Modern Muslims see circumcision as essential to their faith, although they have also come to lean on arguments of "medical benefits." A conference of Islamic scholars in 1987 stated that modern circumcision studies “[reflect] the wisdom of the Islamic statements”.<ref>{{GollaherDL 2000}}</ref>
The Muslim code of religious law (AKA Shariah) recommends performance of [[circumcision]] at the age of seven days. In practice, however, Muslim boys are [[circumcised]] by circumcised men at varying ages before puberty,<ref>{{REFbook
|last=Morgenstern
|first=Julian
|init=J
|title=Rites of Birth, Marriage, Death and Kindred Occasions among the Semites
|location=Chicago
|publisher=Quadrangle Books
|year=1966
|pages=48-66
|quote=...in modern Moslem practice the rite is performed generally between the ages of two and seven years... as late as the thirteenth year.
}}</ref><ref>{{REFbook
|last=Mehta
|first=Depak
|chapter=Circumcision, Body, Masculinity
|title=Violence and Subjectivity
|editors=Veena Das, Arthur Kleinman, et al.
|location=Berkeley
|publisher={{UNI|University of California|UCBE}} Press
|year=2000
|page=82
|quote=...two to six years.
}}</ref> however, it is no less injurious or traumatic and it still deprives the individual of body pleasure.
[[Islam]] has a long, violent tradition of using the sword to advance Islam. The ''jihad'' is a so-called "holy war" to advance Islam against "infidels".<ref>{{REFweb
|url=https://probe.org/islam-and-the-sword/
|title=Islam and the Sword
|last=Closson
|first=Don
|init=
|publisher=Probe Ministries
|date=2002-05-27
|accessdate=2022-11-05
}}</ref> Beheadings (decapitations) may be carried out by (circumcised) Islamic warriors against infidels (non-Muslims).<ref>{{REFweb
|url=https://www.meforum.org/4807/beheading-infidels-how-allah-heals-the-hearts
|title=Beheading Infidels: How Allah 'Heals the Hearts of Believers'
|last=Ibrahim
|first=Raymond
|init=
|publisher=Middle East Forum
|date=2014-09-11
|accessdate=2022-11-07
}}</ref> We should not forget that the violent attack on the [[United States]] on 11 September 2001 that caused 2,996 deaths and about 25,000 injuries was allegedly led and orchestrated by a [[circumcised]] Saudi Muslim named Osama bin Laden.<ref>{{REFweb
|url=https://military.id.me/news/exposed-hillary-email-touches-upon-osama-bin-ladens-circumcision/
|title=Exposed Hillary Email Touches Upon Osama Bin Laden’s Circumcision
|last=Hall
|first=Blake
|init=
|publisher=The Sit Rep
|date=2015-10-02
|accessdate=2022-11-07
}}</ref> <ref>{{REFweb
|url=https://www.the-sun.com/news/3600036/how-many-people-died-9-11-attacks/
|title=How many people died in the 9-11 attacks
|last=Roback
|first=Jennifer
|init=
|publisher=U.S. Sun
|date=2022-09-11
|accessdate=2022-11-07
}}</ref>
==A survey of nations==
Independent researcher [[Michel Hervé Bertaux-Navoiseau]] divided nations by the prevalence of [[circumcision]]. He placed nations where more than 50 percent of males are [[circumcised]] in the first category. He placed nations where less than 50 percent of males are circumcised in the second category. He collected statistical data on death penalty, wars, tortures, and excisions by nation. He found a higher rate of these items in the nations where circumcision is the practice. He also reported an "almost absolute" correlation between the practice of circumcision and [[genocide]].<ref>{{REFdocument
|title=Violence and Circumcision
|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358044554_Violence_circumcision
|contribution=
|last=Bertaux-Navoiseau
|first=Michel H.
|author-link=Michel Hervé Bertaux-Navoiseau
|publisher=Research Gate
|format=
|date=2022-01
|accessdate=2022-11-09
}}</ref>
{{SEEALSO}}
* [[Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)]]
* [[Injury]]
* [[Physical abuse]]
* [[Trauma]]
{{LINKS}}
* {{REFweb
|url=http://www.cirp.org/pages/cultural/glass3/
|title=What the Bible Reveals About Circumcision and Sexual Violence
|last=Glass
|first=Michael
|init=
|author-link=Michael Glass
|publisher=Circumcision Reference Library
|date=2003-04
|accessdate=2022-11-08
}}
* {{REFconference
|last=Boyle
|first=G. J.
|init=GJ
|author-link=Gregory J. Boyle
|datefrom=2000-10-06
|dateto=2000-10-07
|url=http://www.cirp.org/library/psych/boyle2/
|title=El trastorno por estrés postraumático (PTSD) de larga duración como resultado de la cirugía genital de los menores
|trans-title=Long-term post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as a result of genital surgery on minors.
|#=Invited Keynote Address:
|place=San Salvador, El Salvador, Central America
|publisher=III Congreso Nacional de Psicología "Violencia y Salud Mental"
}}
* {{REFweb
|url=https://www.reddit.com/r/Intactivism/comments/qbpzqr/trained_medical_professionals_restrain_infant_to/
|archived=
|title=Trained medical professionals restrain infant to amputate part of its body while baby kicks and screams in pain
|trans-title=
|language=
|last=
|first=
|author-link=
|publisher=
|website=
|date=
|accessdate=2023-09-19
|format=
|quote=
}}
{{ABBR}}
{{REF}}
[[Category:termTerm]][[Category:Psychology]][[Category:Judaism]][[Category:Islam]][[Category:Violence]]