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}}</ref> Prior to that time, the condition was variously called ''shell [[shock]]'' or ''combat fatigue''.
The following text is quoted from the [{{WikipediaQuote|URL=https://en.wikipedia.org/wwiki/index.php?Post-traumatic_stress_disorder|title=Posttraumatic_stress_disorder Wikipedia]:Post-traumatic stress disorder}}
<blockquote>
'''Posttraumatic Post-traumatic stress disorder''' ('''PTSD''') may develop after a person is exposed to one or more traumatic events, such as major stress, sexual assault, terrorism, or other threats on a person's life.<ref>American Psychiatric Association (2013). ''Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders'' (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing. pp. 271–280. ISBN 978-0-89042-555-8.</ref> The diagnosis may be given when a group of symptoms, such as disturbing recurring flashbacks, avoidance or numbing of memories of the event, and hyperarousal, continue for more than a month after the occurrence of a traumatic event.
Most people having experienced a traumatizing event will not develop PTSD.<ref>National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health (UK) (2005). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK56494/ "Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: The Management of PTSD in Adults and Children in Primary and Secondary Care"]. NICE Clinical Guidelines, No. 26. Gaskell (Royal College of Psychiatrists). [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0015848/ Lay summary] – Pubmed Health (plain English).</ref> People who experience assault-based trauma are more likely to develop PTSD, as opposed to people who experience non-assault based trauma such as witnessing trauma, accidents, and fire events.<ref>Zoladz, Phillip (June 2013). "Current status on behavioral and biological markers of PTSD: A search for clarity in a conflicting literature". Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 37 (5): 860-895. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neubiorev.2013.03.024</ref> Children are less likely to experience PTSD after trauma than adults, especially if they are under ten years of age. War veterans are commonly at risk for PTSD.
===Child circumcision as a traumatizing event===
When an infant boy is to be [[circumcised]], it is the usual practice to immobilize the infant for the [[Pain| painful]] surgery by securely tying his limbs to a molded plastic board specially made for that purpose called a [[circumstraint]]. The infant thus is preventing from fighting or fleeing, which is the [[trauma]]-producing situation of ''inescapable [[shock]]'', described as a "''physical condition in which the organism cannot do anything to affect the inevitable''."<ref name="vanderkolk2014B">{{REFbook
|last=van der Kolk
|first=Bessel
</blockquote>
John Rhinehart, M. D., (1999) a clinical psychiatrist, reported finding numerous cases of [[PTSD ]] in his adult male patients pursuant to infant circumcision.<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Rhinehart
|first=John
}}</ref>
Boyle & Ramos (2019) studied boys in the Philippine Islands who had undergone medical circumcision and others who had suffered the traditional "''tuli''" circumcision. Of the boys who had a medical circumcision, 51 percent exhibited symptoms of [[PTSD]]. Of the boys who had a ''[[tuli]]'' circumcision, 69 percent exhibited symptoms of PTSD.<ref>{{REFjournal
|last=Boyle
|first=Gregory J.
* Flashbacks—reliving the traumatic event, and feeling like it happening right now including physical symptoms such as a racing heart or sweating.
* Reoccurring memories or [[nightmares ]] related to the event.
* Distressing and intrusive thoughts or images.
* Physical sensations like sweating, trembling, pain or feeling sick.
Thoughts and feelings can trigger these symptoms, as well as words, objects, or situations that are reminders of the event.
===Alertness and Reactivity Symptoms===
You may be ‘jittery’, or always alert and on the lookout for danger. You might suddenly become angry or irritable.
{{SEEALSO}}
* [[Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)]]
* [[Circumstraint]]
* [[Pain]]
|quote=It’s normal for children to exhibit some of these behaviors in the first weeks after a significant trauma occurs. But if the behaviors persist more than 3 months after the initial event, treatment may be needed.
}}
* {{REFweb |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/CityCrusherYT/comments/1p16jt1/male_circumcision_mgm_and_ptsd/ |title=Male circumcision (MGM) and PTSD |last=Anonymous |publisher=REDDIT |date=2025-11-19 |accessdate=2025-11-23}}
{{REF}}
[[Category:Circumcision risk]]
[[Category:Pain]]
[[Category:Psychology]]
[[Category:Trauma]]
[[de:Posttraumatische Belastungsstörung]]