Changes

The '''Adverse Childhood Experience Study''' originated with a questionnaire mailed 13,494 adults. The adverse childhood experiences (ACE) studied included psychological, physical, or sexual abuse; violence against mother; or living with household members who were substance abusers, mentally ill or suicidal, or ever imprisoned. The study, which was carried out in the 1990s, did not include infant [[circumcision]]. <ref>{{REFbook |last=van der Kolk |first=Bessel |init= |year=2015 |title=The Body Keeps the score |url= |chapter=Chapter nine |scope= |page= |pages=140-3 |ISBN=978-0-14-312774-1 |accessdate=2023-08-07 }}</ref> The study revealed that ACEs are closely related to adult health problems. ACEs are strongly associated with high-risk health behaviors in adulthood, such as smoking, alcohol and drug abuse, promiscuity, and obesity; and with ill health, including depression, heart and lung disease, cancer, and decreased lifespan.<ref name="felitti1998">{{REFjournal