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}}</ref> So great was his reputation and influence that his views were accepted without question, even though empirical studies had not been carried out. Surgical operations were carried out on infants without pain medication.
==Flechsig views are questioneddisproved==
It was not until a century that medical science started to question his views. Talbert et al. (1976) measured the rise in cortisol and cortisone in [[circumcised]] infants and found an increase in "stress".<ref>{{REFjournal
|pubmedID=940653
|pubmedCID=
|accessdate=2024-01-07
}}</ref> Gunnar et al. (1981) also examined serum cortisol and behavior after neonatal [[circumcision]]. They reported "striking increases in serum cortisol concentrations" after unanesthetized circumcision.<ref name="gunnar1981">{{REFjournal
|last=Gunnar
|first=
|init=MR
|author-link=
|last2=Fisch
|first2=
|init2=RO
|author2-link=
|last3=Korsvik
|first3=
|init3=S
|author3-link=
|last4=Donhowe
|first4=
|init4=M
|author4-link=
|etal=no
|title=The effects of circumcision on serum cortisol and behavior
|trans-title=
|language=
|journal=Psychoneuroendocrinology
|location=
|date=1981
|volume=6
|issue=3
|pages=279-75
|url=https://www.cirp.org/library/pain/gunnar/
|archived=
|quote=
|pubmedID=7291435
|DOI=10.1016/0306-4530(81)90037-8
|accessdate=2024-01-07
}}</ref>