Changes

In a February 2009 report produced by '''USAID''', a U.S. government agency, researchers found that circumcised men were more likely to have [[HIV ]] in 10 of 18 (African) countries with data available.<ref name='CR22'>{{citationREFnews |last=USAID |first= | coauthors first2= Mishra, |last2=Vinod, |first3=Amy |last3=Medley, |first4=Rathavuth Hong, Yuan Gu, and Bryant Robey. | contribution last4= Levels and spread of HIV seroprevalence and associated factors: Evidence from national household surveysHong | title first5= DHS Comparative Reports 22Yuan | publisher last5= Macro International, Inc.Gu | year first6= 2009Bryant | id last6=Robey | contribution-url = http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/CR22/CR22.pdf |title=DHS Comparative Reports 22 |date=2009 |publisher=Macro International, Inc. |quote=Levels and spread of HIV seroprevalence and associated factors: Evidence from national household surveys | accessdate = 2011-03-24}}</ref> The report found condom use, not circumcision, to be correlated with [[HIV ]] status. Despite this report, USAID is listed as a contributing partner and a sponsor for the "[[Clearinghouse on Male Circumcision]] for [[HIV ]] Prevention."<ref>{{cite webREFweb |last= |first= |date= |title=Male Circumcision Clearinghouse: Partners and Contributors | url = http://www.malecircumcision.org/about/male_circumcision_partners.html | title publisher= Clearinghouse for Male Circumcision Clearinghouse: Partners and Contributorson HIV Prevention | accessdate = 2011-03-24 | work = Clearinghouse for Male Circumcision on HIV Prevention}}</ref><ref name='kenya-circ-report'>{{citationREFnews | contribution last= Progress Report on Kenya's Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision Programme |first= |url=http://www.malecircumcision.org/documents/VMMCP_Report.pdf | title = National AIDS and STI Control Programme | publisher = Government of Kenya | date = July 2010-07 | year publisher= 2010Government of Kenya | id quote= | contribution-url = http://www.malecircumcision.org/documents/VMMCP_Report.pdfProgress Report on Kenya's Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision Programme | accessdate = 2011-03-24}}</ref>

 USAID has studied the "scale-up" of circumcision in Africa and shows support for circumcision in numerous places on its website.<ref name='usaid-circ-hiv-factsheet'>{{cite webREFweb |last= |first= |date= |title=Research: Male Circumcision and HIV Prevention | url = http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/global_health/aids/TechAreas/research/mcfactsheet.html | title publisher= Research: Male Circumcision and HIV PreventionUSAID | accessdate = 2011-03-24 | publisher = USAID}}</ref><ref name='usaid-male-circ'>{{cite webREFweb |last= |first= |date= |title=Male Circumcision | url = http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/global_health/aids/TechAreas/prevention/malecircumcision.html | title publisher= Male CircumcisionUSAID | accessdate = 2011-03-24 | publisher = USAID}}</ref><ref>{{citationREFnews | contribution last= Male Circumcision: Current Epidemiological and Field EvidenceClark | title first= Program and Policy Implications for HIV Prevention and Reproductive HealthS. | coeditors first2= S. Clark, I. Fua | publisher last2= USAID/AIDSMarkFua | place url= Washington, Dhttp://pdf.usaid.Cgov/pdf_docs/PNACS892.pdf | date title= May 2003Program and Policy Implications for HIV Prevention and Reproductive Health | year date= 2003-05 | id publisher=USAID/AIDSMark | contribution-url quote= httpMale Circumcision://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNACS892.pdfCurrent Epidemiological and Field Evidence | accessdate = 2011-03-24 |place = Washington, D.C.}}</ref><ref name='usaid-hiv-circ'>{{cite webREFweb |last= |first= |date= |title=Fighting HIV with Circumcision | url = http://blog.usaid.gov/2010/12/fighting-hiv-with-circumcision/ | title publisher= Fighting HIV with CircumcisionUSAID | accessdate = 2011-03-24 | publisher = USAID}}</ref>

 In November 2010, USAID issued a "technical brief" on male circumcision as [[HIV ]] prevention. In the report, USAID states that it is supporting Swaziland's "Accelerated Saturation Initiative" for circumcision by providing "implementation support together with the <small>[U.S.]</small> Department of Defense, the Peace Corps, and the U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control]] and Prevention (CDC)." The report goes on to say that USAID, along with [[UNAIDS]], is providing technical and financial assistance in the studying circumcision programs in 14 African countries.<ref>{{citationREFnews | contribution last= Medical Male Circumcision and HIV Prevention | title = Technical Issue Brief | publisher = USAID | date = November 2010 | id first= | contribution-url = http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/global_health/aids/TechAreas/prevention/medical_male_circumcision.pdf |title=Technical Issue Brief |date=2010-11 |publisher=USAID |quote=Medical Male Circumcision and HIV Prevention | accessdate = 2011-03-25}}</ref>

USAID's support of what they call the "[[Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision]] program: VMMC" also focused on Kenya.<ref>{{Quote boxREFweb |title quote= Levels and Spread USAID/Kenya’s [[HIV]]/[[AIDS]] program is supported by the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief ([[PEPFAR]]). This five-year, $48 billion program, is led by the U.S. Global AIDS Coordinator, in conjunction with USAID, the Department of HIV Seroprevalence Health and Associated Factors: Evidence from National Household Surveys |quote = There appears no clear pattern of association between male circumcision Human Services (including the Centers for Disease Control and HIV prevalence—in 8 Prevention), the Department of 18 countries with dataDefense (DOD), HIV prevalence is lower among circumcised menthe U.S. Peace Corps, while in and the remaining 10 countries it is higherDepartment of State. |source last= |first= |publisher=USAID |date= |title= <small>--Levels and Spread of Kenya / HIV Seroprevalence and Associated Factors: Evidence from National Household Surveys [/AIDS |url=http://wwwkenya.measuredhsusaid.comgov/pubsprograms/pdfhealth/CR2277 |accessdate=2011-03-25}}</CR22ref> USAID funded a VMMC based circumcision campaign propaganda video to air on television in South Africa.pdf (February 2009)]</smallref>{{REFweb |align last= left |width first= 55% |quoted date= yes2010-12 |title=VMMC Soccer Videos from Kenya |url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R8baq-d-Y5Q |publisher=VMMC.m4v |accessdate=2011-04-28}}Short video vignettes with a soccer theme that was field tested in communal video houses in Nyanza, Kenya during the 2010 World Cup Soccer broadcasts.</ref>

A USAID-funded organization called "[[C-Change]]" in Kenya is supporting "Male Circumcision Communication Toolkits" with the stated goal of "Creating demand for VMMC (circumcision)" and "facilitating a scale-up of materials" and capacity to perform more circumcisions from the government of Kenya. One of the ways C-Change is creating demand is by spreading information stating that "VMMC" prevents STI's.<ref><ref>{{REFwebQuoteREFweb | quote=...[Male Circumcision] reduces risk for men... | last= | first= | year= | title=C-Change Develops Male Circumcision Toolkit for Kenya | url=http://c-changeprogram.org/where-we-work/kenya | publishertitle=C-Change | accessdate=2011-03-25}}</ref><ref>{{REFwebQuote | quote=...[Develops Male Circumcision] reduces risk Toolkit for men...Kenya | last= | first= | year= | title=C-Change Develops Male Circumcision Toolkit for Kenya | url=http://c-changeprogram.org/news/c-change-develops-male-circumcision-toolkit-kenya | publisher=C-Change | accessdate=2011-03-25}}</ref><ref name='C-Change 2010-10-01'>{{REFwebQuoteREFweb | quote=VMMC Communication Toolkit in Kenya | last= | first= | publisher=C-Change | yeardate=2010-10-01 | urltitletitle=Male Circumcision | url=http://c-changeprogram.org/category/topics/male-circumcision | accessdate=2011-03-25

One issue of C-Change's publication included a study measuring media coverage of circumcision as [[HIV ]] prevention and strategies for keeping media reports positive.<ref name='C-Channel 2009-12'>{{REFwebQuoteREFweb | quote=Print media reporting of male circumcision for preventing HIV infection in sub-Saharan Africa | last=Wang Al a; Duke W b; Schmid GP b | first= | publisher=C-Change | yeardate=2009-12 | urltitletitle=Bulletin of the World Health Organization: C-Channel Issue 15 | url=http://c-changeprogram.org/c-channel/issue15#5 | accessdate=2011-03-25

In September 2010, USAID, funded by the U.S. [[PEPFAR|President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief|PEPFAR]] program, along with a partner, also donated 5,000 male circumcision kits to Zimbabwe.<ref name='Standard, The 2010-09-12'>{{REFweb | last=Own Correspondent | first= | yeardate=2010-09-12 | title=US donates 5 000 male circumcision medical kits | url=http://www.thestandard.co.zw/local/26435-us-donates-5-000-male-circumcision-medical-kits.html | publisher=The Standard | accessdate=2011-03-25}}</ref> == Medical evidence shows circumcision is ineffective at preventing HIV infection == {{Citation |Title=Levels and Spread of HIV Seroprevalence and Associated Factors: Evidence from National Household Surveys |Text=There appears no clear pattern of association between male circumcision and [[HIV]] prevalence—in 8 of 18 countries with data, [[HIV]] prevalence is lower among circumcised men, while in the remaining 10 countries it is higher. |Author= |Source= |ref=<ref>Levels and Spread of HIV Seroprevalence and Associated Factors: Evidence from National Household Surveys [http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/CR22/CR22.pdf (February 2009)]</ref>}} == Circumcision does not prevent HIV infection == === Population-based studies ==={{Population-based studies}} ===Two African surveys===The previously reported studies were from developed Western nations. Now we have information from Sub_Saharan Africa. French scientist [[Michel Garenne]], Ph.D. has published two reports in 2022 comparing the incidence of HIV infection in [[circumcised]] and [[intact]] men. In his first report, Garenne presented the findings from a study in Lesotho, the enclave in South Africa. He reported:<blockquote>In couple studies, the effect of circumcision and VMMC on HIV was not significant, with similar transmission from female to male and male to female. The study questions the amount of effort and money spent on VMMC in Lesotho.<ref name="garenne2022A">{{REFjournal |last=Garenne |first=Michel |init=M |author-link=Michel Garenne |title=Changing relationships between HIV prevalence and circumcision in Lesotho |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35373731/ |date=2022-04-04 |journal=J Biosoc Sci |volume=online ahead of print |pages=1-16 |DOI=10.1017/S0021932022000153 |pubmedID=35373731 |accessdate=2022-11-07}}</ref> </blockquote>  In his second report, Garenne (2022) presented information from six Sub-Saharan African nations (Eswatini, Lesotho, Malawi, Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe). He reported:<blockquote> "Results matched earlier observations made in South Africa that [[circumcised]] and [[intact]] men had similar levels of HIV infection."<ref name="garenne2022B">{{REFjournal |last=Garenne |first=Michael |init=M |author-link= |etal=no |title=Age-incidence and prevalence of HIV among intact and circumcised men: an analysis of PHIA surveys in Southern Africa |trans-title= |language= |journal=J Biosoc Sci |location= |date=2022-10-26 |season= |volume= |issue= |article= |page= |pages=1-13 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-biosocial-science/article/abs/ageincidence-and-prevalence-of-hiv-among-intact-and-circumcised-men-an-analysis-of-phia-surveys-in-southern-africa/CAA7E7BD5A9844F41C6B7CC3573B9E50 |archived= |quote= |pubmedID=36286328 |pubmedCID= |DOI=10.1017/S0021932022000414 |accessdate=2022-11-07}}</ref></blockquote> == Criticism == The [[VMMC Experience Project]] has published a massive, illustrated 153-page report on VMMC in Africa for the United Nations.<ref name="fish2019">{{REFdocument |title=Circumcision Campaigns: African experience and human rights: The U.N. Report |trans-title= |language= |url=https://www.vmmcproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/VMMC-UN-Report.pdf |archived= |contribution= |quote= |trans-quote= |quote-lang= |last=Fish |first=Max |author-link=Max Fish |publisher=VMMC Experience Project |location= |format=PDF |date=2019-05-07 |accessdate=2021-05-15

[[Category:OrganizationsOrganization]]

 [[Categoryde:Construction Site{{FULLPAGENAME}}]]